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This new edition discusses the physical and engineering aspects of the thermal processing of packaged foods and examines the methods which have been used to establish the time and temperature of processes suitable to achieve adequate sterilization or pasteurization of the packaged food. The third edition is totally renewed and updated, including new concepts and areas that are relevant for thermal food processing: This edition is formed by 22 chapters—arranged in five parts—that maintain great parts of the first and second editions The First part includes five chapters analyzing different topics associated to heat transfer mechanism during canning process, kinetic of microbial death, sterilization criteria and safety aspect of thermal processing. The second part, entitled Thermal Food Process Evaluation Techniques, includes six chapters and discusses the main process evaluation techniques. The third part includes six chapters treating subjects related with pressure in containers, simultaneous sterilization and thermal food processing equipment. The fourth part includes four chapters including computational fluid dynamics and multi-objective optimization. The fifth part, entitled Innovative Thermal Food Processing, includes a chapter focused on two innovative processes used for food sterilization such high pressure with thermal sterilization and ohmic heating. Thermal Processing of Pa ckaged Foods, Third Edition is intended for a broad audience, from undergraduate to post graduate students, scientists, engineers and professionals working for the food industry.
An introductory textbook presenting the key concepts and applications of thermodynamics, including numerous worked examples and exercises.
xi should hope for "first and foremost" from any historical investigation, including his own, was that "it may not be too tedious. " II That hope is generally realized in Mach's historical writings, most of which are as lively and interesting now as they were when they appeared. Mach did not follow any existing model of historical or philosophical or scientific exposition, but went at things his own way combining the various approaches as needed to reach the goals he set for himself. When he is at his best we get a sense of the Mach whom William James met on a visit to Prague, the Mach whose four hours of "unforgettable conversation" gave the forty year old, well traveled James the strongest "impression of pure intellectual genius" he had yet received, and whose "absolute simplicity of manner and winningness of smile" captivated him completely. 12 Consider, for example, the first few chapters of this book, Principles of the Theory of Heat, which Mach devotes to the notion of temperature, that most fundamental of all thermal concepts. He begins by trying to trace the path that leads from our sensations of hot and cold to a numerical temperature scale.
The Presentation Adopted In The Preparation Endeavors To Convey To The Student In A Simple Manner, A Physical Understanding Of The Processes By Which Heat Is Transmitted And Provide Him Or Her With The Tools Necessary To Get Quantitative Solutions To Engineering Problems Involving One Or More Of The Basic Modes Of Heat Flow. Sufficient Material Has Been Included In The Text To Cater To The Requirements Of The Undergraduate Curriculum. Illustrations Pertaining To The Different Modes Of Heat Transfer And The Design Calculations Of Heat Exchangers Have Been Liberally Included In The Text.The Purpose Of This Book Is To Present A Basic Introduction To The Field Of Engineering Heat Transfer. The Book Begins With A Brief Presentation Of The Importance Of Heat Transfer In Chemical And Processing Industry And The Modes Of Heat Transfer. Chapter 2, Dealing With Conduction, Includes A Few Aspects Of Conduction Phenomenon, Analogy Between Heat Flow And Electricity Flow, Critical Thickness And Conduction With Internal Generation Of Heat. In Chapter 3, The Concept Of Film Coefficients Is Presented And The Relationship Between The Individual And Overall Heat Transfer Coefficients Are Dealt With. The Phenomenon Of Unsteady State Heat Transfer And The Methods Of Solving One Dimensional Transient Heat Conduction Problems Have Been Discussed In Chapter 4, Which Is On Unsteady State Heat Conduction. Also The Application Of Molecular Transport Theory To The Unsteady State Heat Conduction Is Included.In Chapter 5, Which Is On Convection, A General Basic Concept, The Application Of Dimensional Analysis In The Case Of Forced And Free Convection, The Heat Transfer From Fins, The Heat Transfer To Fluids In Laminar Flow Inside Tubes, Heat Transfer From Condensed Vapours And Boiling Heat Transfer Are Included. The Various Types Of Heat Exchangers, The Concept Of Capacity Ratios, The Effectiveness Of Heat Exchanger, The Log Mean Temperature Difference, The Number Of Transfer Units (Ntu) And Calculations Pertaining To Heat Exchanger Design And The Effectiveness-Ntu Relationship Have Been Discussed In Chapter 6, Which Bears The Title 'Industrial Heat Exchange Equipment'.In Chapter 7, Which Is On Thermal Energy Transfer By Radiation, The Basic Concepts And Theory Of Radiation Are Presented. In Chapter 8, Which Deals With Evaporation, The Basic Concepts And Definitions, Boiling Point Elevation, Types Of Evaporators, Single And Multiple Effect Evaporation, The Occurrence Of Heat Transfer In Evaporators And The Analysis Of Performance Calculations Of Multiple Effect Evaporators Are Discussed At Some Length. Chapter 9, The Final Chapter, Presents A Brief Review Of Heat Transfer Principles.
The concept of temperature. The thermodynamic temperature scale. Entropy, temperature and statistical mechanics. The international practical temperature scale. General characteristics of temperature measuring devices and treatment of data. Liquid-in-glass thermometers. Sealed liquid or gas sensing instruments and bimetallic sensors. Electrical resistance temperature measurement using metallic sensors. Thermistors and semiconductors for temperature measurement. Thermoelectric temperature measurement. Theory of radiant heat transfer as a basis for temperature measurement bu radiant techniques. The disappearing filament optical pyrometer. Photoelectric optical pyrometers (automatic and infrared). Total radiation pyrometers. Novel methods of temperature measurement. Pyrometric cones. Calibration methods. Installation effects. Dynamic response of sensors. Temperature instrumentation and control. Thermocouple reference tables.
The use of thermal and calorimetric methods has shown rapid growth over the last two decades, in an increasingly wide range of applications. In addition, a number of powerful new techniques have been developed. This book supplies a concise and readable account of the principles, experimental apparatus and practical procedures used in thermal analysis and calorimetric methods of analysis. Brief accounts of the basic theory are reinforced with detailed applications of the methods and contemporary developments. Also included is information on standard test methods and manufacturers. Written by acknowledged experts, Principles of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry is up-to-date, wide-ranging and practical. It will be an important source of information for many levels of readership in a variety of areas, from students and lecturers through to industrial and laboratory staff and consultants.
Heat Transfer Principles and Applications is a welcome change from more encyclopedic volumes exploring heat transfer. This shorter text fully explains the fundamentals of heat transfer, including heat conduction, convection, radiation and heat exchangers. The fundamentals are then applied to a variety of engineering examples, including topics of special and current interest like solar collectors, cooling of electronic equipment, and energy conservation in buildings. The text covers both analytical and numerical solutions to heat transfer problems and makes considerable use of Excel and MATLAB(R) in the solutions. Each chapter has several example problems and a large, but not overwhelming, number of end-of-chapter problems.
This book offers a comprehensive overview of thermodynamics. It is divided into four parts, the first of which equips readers with a deeper understanding of the fundamental principles of thermodynamics of equilibrium states and of their evolution. The second part applies these principles to a series of generalized situations, presenting applications that are of interest both in their own right and in terms of demonstrating how thermodynamics, as a theory of principle, relates to different fields. In turn, the third part focuses on non-equilibrium configurations and the dynamics of natural processes. It discusses both discontinuous and continuous systems, highlighting the interference among non-equilibrium processes, and the nature of stationary states and of fluctuations in isolated systems. Lastly, part four introduces the relation between physics and information theory, which constitutes a new frontier in fundamental research. The book includes step-by-step exercises, with solutions, to help readers to gain a fuller understanding of the subjects, and also features a series of appendices providing useful mathematical formulae. Reflecting the content of modern university courses on thermodynamics, it is a valuable resource for students and young scientists in the fields of physics, chemistry, and engineering.
The updated fourth edition of the "bible" of solar energy theory and applications Over several editions, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes has become a classic solar engineering text and reference. This revised Fourth Edition offers current coverage of solar energy theory, systems design, and applications in different market sectors along with an emphasis on solar system design and analysis using simulations to help readers translate theory into practice. An important resource for students of solar engineering, solar energy, and alternative energy as well as professionals working in the power and energy industry or related fields, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, Fourth Edition features: Increased coverage of leading-edge topics such as photovoltaics and the design of solar cells and heaters A brand-new chapter on applying CombiSys (a readymade TRNSYS simulation program available for free download) to simulate a solar heated house with solar- heated domestic hot water Additional simulation problems available through a companion website An extensive array of homework problems and exercises