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This book is open access under a CC BY license. This book is the first to develop explicit methods for evaluating evidence of mechanisms in the field of medicine. It explains why it can be important to make this evidence explicit, and describes how to take such evidence into account in the evidence appraisal process. In addition, it develops procedures for seeking evidence of mechanisms, for evaluating evidence of mechanisms, and for combining this evaluation with evidence of association in order to yield an overall assessment of effectiveness. Evidence-based medicine seeks to achieve improved health outcomes by making evidence explicit and by developing explicit methods for evaluating it. To date, evidence-based medicine has largely focused on evidence of association produced by clinical studies. As such, it has tended to overlook evidence of pathophysiological mechanisms and evidence of the mechanisms of action of interventions. The book offers a useful guide for all those whose work involves evaluating evidence in the health sciences, including those who need to determine the effectiveness of health interventions and those who need to ascertain the effects of environmental exposures.
This open access textbook takes the reader step-by-step through the concepts of mechanics in a clear and detailed manner. Mechanics is considered to be the core of physics, where a deep understanding of the concepts is essential in understanding all branches of physics. Many proofs and examples are included to help the reader grasp the fundamentals fully, paving the way to deal with more advanced topics. After solving all of the examples, the reader will have gained a solid foundation in mechanics and the skills to apply the concepts in a variety of situations. The book is useful for undergraduate students majoring in physics and other science and engineering disciplines. It can also be used as a reference for more advanced levels.
Class-tested and thoughtfully designed for student engagement, Principles of Organic Chemistry provides the tools and foundations needed by students in a short course or one-semester class on the subject. This book does not dilute the material or rely on rote memorization. Rather, it focuses on the underlying principles in order to make accessible the science that underpins so much of our day-to-day lives, as well as present further study and practice in medical and scientific fields. This book provides context and structure for learning the fundamental principles of organic chemistry, enabling the reader to proceed from simple to complex examples in a systematic and logical way. Utilizing clear and consistently colored figures, Principles of Organic Chemistry begins by exploring the step-by-step processes (or mechanisms) by which reactions occur to create molecular structures. It then describes some of the many ways these reactions make new compounds, examined by functional groups and corresponding common reaction mechanisms. Throughout, this book includes biochemical and pharmaceutical examples with varying degrees of difficulty, with worked answers and without, as well as advanced topics in later chapters for optional coverage. Incorporates valuable and engaging applications of the content to biological and industrial uses Includes a wealth of useful figures and problems to support reader comprehension and study Provides a high quality chapter on stereochemistry as well as advanced topics such as synthetic polymers and spectroscopy for class customization
This Book Evolved Itself Out Of 25 Years Of Teaching Experience In The Subject, Moulding Different Important Aspects Into A One Year Course Of Mechanism And Machine Theory. Basic Principles Of Analysis And Synthesis Of Mechanisms With Lower And Higher Pairs Are Both Included Considering Both Kinematic And Kinetic Aspects. A Chapter On Hydrodynamic Lubrication Is Included In The Book. Balancing Machines Are Introduced In The Chapter On Balancing Of Rotating Parts. Mechanisms Used In Control Namely, Governors And Gyroscopes Are Discussed In A Separate Chapter. The Book Also Contains A Chapter On Principles Of Theory Of Vibrations As Applied To Machines. A Solution Manual To Problems Given At The End Of Each Chapter Is Also Available. Principles Of Balancing Of Linkages Is Also Included. Thus The Book Takes Into Account All Aspects Of Mechanism And Machine Theory To The Reader Studying A First Course On This Subject.This Book Is Intended For Undergraduate Students Taking Basic Courses In Mechanism And Machine Theory. The Practice Of Machines Has Been Initially To Use Inventions And Establishment Of Basic Working Models And Then Generalising The Theory And Hence The Earlier Books Emphasises These Principles. With The Advancement Of Theory Particularly In The Last Two Decades, New Books Come Up With A Stress On Specific Topics.The Book Retains All The Aspects Of Mechanism And Machine Theory In A Unified Manner As Far As Possible For A Two Semester Course At Undergraduate Level Without Recourse To Following Several Text Books And Derive The Benefits Of Basic Principles Recently Advanced In Mechanism And Machine Theory.