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Benjamin Constant (1767-1830) was born in Switzerland and became one of France's leading writers, as well as a journalist, philosopher, and politician. His colourful life included a formative stay at the University of Edinburgh; service at the court of Brunswick, Germany; election to the French Tribunate; and initial opposition and subsequent support for Napoleon, even the drafting of a constitution for the Hundred Days. Constant wrote many books, essays, and pamphlets. His deepest conviction was that reform is hugely superior to revolution, both morally and politically. While Constant's fluid, dynamic style and lofty eloquence do not always make for easy reading, his text forms a coherent whole, and in his translation Dennis O'Keeffe has focused on retaining the 'general elegance and subtle rhetoric' of the original. Sir Isaiah Berlin called Constant 'the most eloquent of all defenders of freedom and privacy' and believed to him we owe the notion of 'negative liberty', that is, what Biancamaria Fontana describes as "the protection of individual experience and choices from external interferences and constraints." To Constant it was relatively unimportant whether liberty was ultimately grounded in religion or metaphysics -- what mattered were the practical guarantees of practical freedom -- "autonomy in all those aspects of life that could cause no harm to others or to society as a whole." This translation is based on Etienne Hofmann's critical edition of Principes de politique (1980), complete with Constant's additions to the original work.
Excerpt from Principles of Civil Government Exemplified in the Government of the State of New York When a pupil thoroughly grasps a principle, he will look for, and if need be, will find, the facts to fit it; or if these be presented to him, he will seize upon them as the natural or necessary complement of the principle which has already found lodgment in his mind. The two must go together; but herein precedence is given to principles which the facts exemplify. This treatment of the subject calls for less remembering, but for more thinking. If the thinking be well done, the remembering will take care of itself. Memory never fails with those who think. But thinking is naught with those who can do nothing but remember. The one thing needful in our schools is that the pupils be got out of the rut of merely remembering, and be induced to try their powers in the broad field of thought. To effect this, we must have teachers who can do something besides listen. They must know how to think and how to teach others to think. They must know - or must be able to learn - something outside of the text-book. No textbook can contain all that should be taught of a given subject. The author believes that the efforts which have been made within the last few years by public school authorities, and what is more important, by the teachers themselves, to raise the professional standard of teaching, have been fruitful in good results. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.