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The best informal de?nition of the Semantic Web is maybe found in the May 2001Scienti?cAmericanarticle“TheSemanticWeb”(Berners-Leeetal. ),which says“TheSemanticWebisanextensionofthecurrentWebinwhichinformation is given well-de?ned meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation. ” People who work on the Semantic Web quite often base their work on the famous “semantic web tower”, a product of Tim Berners-Lee’s inspiring drawing on whiteboards. The lowest level is the level of character representation (Unicode) and the identi?cation of resources on the Web (URIs). The highest level concerns the problem of trusting information on the Web. Somewhere in the middle of the tower is the logic level. It addresses the problem of represe- ing information on the Web in a way so that inference rules can derive implicit information from explicitly stated information. The workshop “Principles and Practices of Semantic Web Reasoning” (PPSWR 2004) addressed problems on this level. It took place in September 2004 as a satellite event of the 20th Int- national Conference on Logic Programming (ICLP) in St. Malo, France. After PPSWR 2003 in Mumbai, India, it was the second workshop in this series. This book contains the articles presented at the workshop.
Here are the proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Principles and Practice of Semantic Web Reasoning, PPSWR 2006. The book presents 14 revised full papers together with 1 invited talk and 6 system demonstrations, addressing major aspects of semantic Web research, namely forms of reasoning with a strong interest in rule-based languages and methods. Coverage includes theoretical work on reasoning methods, concrete reasoning methods and query languages, and practical applications.
The Semantic Web is a major endeavor aimed at enriching the existing Web withmetadataandprocessingmethodssoastoprovideWeb-basedsystemswith advanced(so-calledintelligent)capabilities, inparticularwithcontext-awareness and decision support. The advanced capabilities striven for in most Semantic Web application s- narios primarily call for reasoning. Reasoning capabilities are o?ered by exi- ing Semantic Web languages, such as BPEL4WS, BPML, ConsVISor, DAML-S, JTP, TRIPLE, and others. These languages, however, were developed mostly from functionality-centered (e.g., ontology reasoning or access validation) or application-centered (e.g., Web service retrieval and composition) perspectives. A perspective centered on the reasoning techniques (e.g., forward or backward chaining, tableau-like methods, constraint reasoning, etc.) complementing the above-mentioned activities appears desirable for Semantic Web systems and - plications. The workshop on "Principles and Practice of Semantic Web Reas- ing," which took place on December 8, 2003, in Mumbai, India, was the?rst of a series of scienti?c meetings devoted to such a perspective. JustasthecurrentWebisinherentlyheterogeneousindataformatsanddata semantics, the Semantic Web will be inherently heterogeneous in its reasoning forms. Indeed, anysingleformof reasoningturnsouttobeirrealin theSemantic Web. For example, ontology reasoning in general relies on monotonic negation (for the metadata often can be fully speci?ed), while databases, Web databases, and Web-based information systems call for non-monotonic reasoning (for one would not specify non-existing trains in a railway timetable); constraint reas- ing is needed when dealing with time (for time intervals have to be dealt with), while(forwardand/orbackward)chainingisthereasoningofchoicewhencoping with database-like views (for views, i.e., virtual data, can be derived from actual data using operations such as join and projections)
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Principles and Practice of Semantic Web Reasoning, PPSWR 2005, held in Dagstuhl Castle, Germany in September 2005. The 12 revised full papers presented together with 3 invited contributions were carefully reviewed and selected for inclusion in the book. The major aspects of semantic Web research are addressed in the papers, namely semantic Web architectures, language issues, and formal reasoning methods. The advances are investigated in the context of new design principles and challenging applications.
This book presents thoroughly arranged tutorial papers corresponding to lectures given by leading researchers at the Second International Summer School on Reasoning Web in Lisbon, Portugal, in September 2006. Building on the predessor school held in 2005 and published as LNCS 3564, the ten tutorial lectures presented provide competent coverage of current topics in semantic Web research and development.
This volume contains the tutorial papers of the Summer School “Reasoning Web,”July25–29,2005(http://reasoningweb. org). TheSchoolwashostedbythe University of Malta and was organized by the Network of Excellence REWERSE “Reasoning on the Web with Rules and Semantics” (http://rewerse. net), funded by the EU Commission and by the Swiss Federal O?ce for Edu- tion and Science within the 6th Framework Programme under the project ref- ence number 506779. The objective of the school was to provide an introduction into methods and issues of the Semantic Web, a major endeavor in current Web research, where the World Wide Web Consortium W3C plays an important role. The main idea of the Semantic Web is to enrich Web data with meta-data carrying a “meaning” of the data and allowing Web-based systems to reason about data (and meta-data). The meta-data used in Semantic Web applications is usually linked to a conceptualization of the application domain shared by di?erent applications. Such a conceptualization is called an ontology and sp- i?es classes of objects and relations between them. Ontologies are de?ned by ontology languages, based on logic and supporting formal reasoning. Just as the current Web is inherently heterogeneous in data formats and data semantics, the Semantic Web will be inherently heterogeneous in its reasoning forms. - deed, any single form of reasoning turns out to be insu?cient in the Semantic Web.
The complex information systems which have evolved in recent decades rely on robust and coherent representations in order to function. Such representations and associated reasoning techniques constitute the modern discipline of formal ontology, which is now applied to fields such as artificial intelligence, computational linguistics, bioinformatics, GIS, conceptual modeling, knowledge engineering, information retrieval, and the semantic web. Ontologies are increasingly employed in a number of complex real-world application domains. For instance, in biology and medicine, more and more principle-based ontologies are being developed for the description of biological and biomedical phenomena. To be effective, such ontologies must work well together, and as they become more widely used, achieving coordinated development presents a significant challenge. This book presents collected articles from the 7th International Conference on Formal Ontologies (FOIS), held in Graz, Austria, in July 2012.FOIS is a forum which brings together representatives of all major communities involved in the development and application of ontologies to explore both theoretical issues and concrete applications in the field. The book is organized in eight sections, each of which deals with the ontological aspects of: bioinformatics; physical entities; artifacts and human resources; ontology evaluation; language and social relations; time and events; representation and the methodological aspects of ontological engineering. Providing a current overview of developments in formal ontology, this book will be of interest to all those whose work involves the application of ontologies, and to anybody wishing to keep abreast of advances in the field.
The Encyclopedia of GIS provides a comprehensive and authoritative guide, contributed by experts and peer-reviewed for accuracy, and alphabetically arranged for convenient access. The entries explain key software and processes used by geographers and computational scientists. Major overviews are provided for nearly 200 topics: Geoinformatics, Spatial Cognition, and Location-Based Services and more. Shorter entries define specific terms and concepts. The reference will be published as a print volume with abundant black and white art, and simultaneously as an XML online reference with hyperlinked citations, cross-references, four-color art, links to web-based maps, and other interactive features.