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L'intégration des expertises métiers constitue un enjeu primordial des nouvelles générations des systèmes de gestion globale du cycle de vie du produit. La maîtrise d'ouvrage de telles intégrations est rendue difficile par la complexité de la gestion de la connaissance proportionnelle à celle croissante du produit, la diversité des acteurs de tels projets et le manque de retour au cours ou à l'issue de déploiements de tels projets passés et présents. Ces travaux de thèse ont été menés en parallèle d'un cas d'étude sur le projet USIQUICK, visant à l'automatisation de la génération de gamme d'usinage. Cette expérience a également été confrontée à des projets dans d'autres secteurs de l'industrie ou des services. La contribution de cette thèse propose un ensemble d'outils conceptuels utilisables en préparation ou au cours d'un projet d'intégration d'expertise. En phase amont cet ensemble d'outils peut être utilisé pour consolider les expériences précédentes et constituer des grilles d'analyses pour la prise de décision des méthodologies à déployer. Au cours du projet, cette base méthodologique d'outils donne à la maîtrise d'ouvrage des critères d'analyse pour évaluer la dynamique de projet. Elle permet de faire émerger les problèmes liés à la modélisation de l'expertise, de préparer les phases de programmation et de faire ressortir dans ces deux cas des lieux de représentations propices à l'émergence d'indicateurs de performance relatifs à la spécificité du projet étudié. L'apport méthodologique pour la maîtrise d'ouvrage est constitué de la proposition et de l'analyse des quatre " piliers " de ressources à la modélisation et à l'intégration d'expertise (réseaux de concepts, listes de spécifications, corpus de document, outils de gestion). Ces piliers permettent de justifier une série de phases décrivant les enjeux de la modélisation (phases d'identification, d'extraction, de structuration et de formalisation) et de l'intégration (phases de raffinement, de spécification des développements, de diffusion et de maintenance). Grâce à une analyse des niveaux de maturité de la gestion initiale et attendue de l'expertise, ces " piliers " et ces phases permettent de cadrer le contexte d'un retour d'expérience ou d'un projet à déployer. En parallèle, trois couples de concepts, syntaxe / sémantique, infrastructure / architecture, domaine / projet, permettent un questionnement pour identifier les zones potentielles de problèmes dans les représentations et envisager des axes de résolution. Il est ainsi permis de contribuer au rapprochement du systématisme épistémologique de la gestion des connaissances avec la pratique empirique et pragmatique contenue dans les savoirs. La consolidation des liens entre ces aspects de l'expertise permet un pilotage de projet par des éléments réels de connaissances et d'expertise.
Knowledge Management is a wide, critical and strategic issue for all the com- nies, from the SMEs to the most complex organizations. The key of competiti- ness is knowledge, because of the necessity of reactivity, flexibility, agility and innovation capacities. Knowledge is difficult to measure itself but what is visible, this is the way of improving products, technologies and enterprise organizations. During the last four years, based on the experience of most of the best experts around the World, CIRP (The International Academy for Production Engineering) has decided to prepare and structure a Network of Excellence (NoE) proposal. The European Community accepted to found the VRL-KCiP (Virtual Research La- ratory – Knowledge Community in Production). As its name indicates it, the aim of this NoE was really to build a «Knowledge Community in Production ». This was possible and realistic because the partners were representative of the most important universities in Europe and also because of strong partnerships with laboratories far from Europe (Japan, Australia, South Africa, USA, etc...). Based on such powerful partnership, the main issue was to help European manufacturing industry to define and structure the strategic knowledge in order to face the strategic worldwide challenges. Manufacturing in Europe currently has two essential aspects: 1. It has to be knowledge intensive given the European demands for high-tech products and services (e.g. electronics, medicines).
Cover Crops in West Africa Contributing to Sustainable Agriculture
Innovate Bristol highlights and celebrates those companies and individuals that are actively working at building a better tomorrow for all. Innovation Ecosystems thrive through the involvement and support of companies and individuals from all industries, which is why the Innovate series not only focuses on the innovators but also those people whom the Innovation Ecosystem, would not be able to thrive without.
This work brings together a collection of 13 contributions that apply activity theory - a psychological theory with a naturalistic emphasis - to problems of human-computer interaction. It presents activity theory as a means of structuring and guiding field studies of human-computer interaction.
Many countries around the world are engaged in decentralization processes, and most African countries face serious problems with forest governance, from benefits sharing to illegality and sustainable forest management. This book summarizes experiences to date on the extent and nature of decentralization and its outcomes - most of which suggest an underperformance of governance reforms - and explores the viability of different governance instruments in the context of weak governance and expanding commercial pressures over forests. Findings are grouped into two thematic areas: decentralization, livelihoods and sustainable forest management; and international trade, finance and forest sector governance reforms. The authors examine diverse forces shaping the forest sector, including the theory and practice of decentralization, usurpation of authority, corruption and illegality, inequitable patterns of benefits capture and expansion of international trade in timber and carbon credits, and discuss related outcomes on livelihoods, forest condition and equity. The book builds on earlier volumes exploring different dimensions of decentralization and perspectives from other world regions, and distills dimensions of forest governance that are both unique to Africa and representative of broader global patterns. The authors ground their analysis in relevant theory while drawing out implications of their findings for policy and practice.
It is estimated that literally billions of residents in urban and peri-urban areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are served by onsite sanitation systems (e.g. various types of latrines and septic tanks). Until recently, the management of faecal sludge from these onsite systems has been grossly neglected, partially as a result of them being considered temporary solutions until sewer-based systems could be implemented. However, the perception of onsite or decentralized sanitation technologies for urban areas is gradually changing, and is increasingly being considered as long-term, sustainable options in urban areas, especially in low- and middle-income countries that lack sewer infrastructures. This is the first book dedicated to faecal sludge management. It compiles the current state of knowledge of the rapidly evolving field of faecal sludge management, and presents an integrated approach that includes technology, management, and planning based on Sandecs 20 years of experience in the field. Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation addresses the organization of the entire faecal sludge management service chain, from the collection and transport of sludge, and the current state of knowledge of treatment options, to the final end use or disposal of treated sludge. The book also presents important factors to consider when evaluating and upscaling new treatment technology options. The book is designed for undergraduate and graduate students, and engineers and practitioners in the field who have some basic knowledge of environmental and/or wastewater engineering.
This new, third volume of Cohen-Tannoudji's groundbreaking textbook covers advanced topics of quantum mechanics such as uncorrelated and correlated identical particles, the quantum theory of the electromagnetic field, absorption, emission and scattering of photons by atoms, and quantum entanglement. Written in a didactically unrivalled manner, the textbook explains the fundamental concepts in seven chapters which are elaborated in accompanying complements that provide more detailed discussions, examples and applications. * Completing the success story: the third and final volume of the quantum mechanics textbook written by 1997 Nobel laureate Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and his colleagues Bernard Diu and Franck Laloë * As easily comprehensible as possible: all steps of the physical background and its mathematical representation are spelled out explicitly * Comprehensive: in addition to the fundamentals themselves, the books comes with a wealth of elaborately explained examples and applications Claude Cohen-Tannoudji was a researcher at the Kastler-Brossel laboratory of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris where he also studied and received his PhD in 1962. In 1973 he became Professor of atomic and molecular physics at the Collège des France. His main research interests were optical pumping, quantum optics and atom-photon interactions. In 1997, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji, together with Steven Chu and William D. Phillips, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his research on laser cooling and trapping of neutral atoms. Bernard Diu was Professor at the Denis Diderot University (Paris VII). He was engaged in research at the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and High Energy where his focus was on strong interactions physics and statistical mechanics. Franck Laloë was a researcher at the Kastler-Brossel laboratory of the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris. His first assignment was with the University of Paris VI before he was appointed to the CNRS, the French National Research Center. His research was focused on optical pumping, statistical mechanics of quantum gases, musical acoustics and the foundations of quantum mechanics.
"This book is an inquiry into the design of computer artifacts."--Back cover