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The Bill has 4 parts and 16 schedules. It implements the proposals set out in 'Proposals for the reform of legal aid in England and Wales (Cm. 7967, ISBN 9780101796729 ) in part; 'Proposals for reform of civil litigation funding and costs in England and Wales' (Cm. 7947, ISBN 9780101794725 ); and 'Breaking the Cycle: effective punishment, rehabilitation and sentencing of offenders' (Cm. 7972, ISBN 9780101797221) in part. Part 1 abolishes the Legal Services Commission and places a duty on the Lord Chancellor to secure the availability of civil and criminal legal aid. Part 2 amends the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973; Civil Partnership Act 2004; and the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985. Part 3 sets out changes to some general sentencing provisions; plans to release more defendants on bail rather than holding them in custody; remand of children otherwise than on bail; release on licence; gives the Secretary of State to make rules in respect of the employment and payment of prisoners, making them work harder, longer and pay more compensation to their victims; out of court disposals and introduces a compulsory jail term for anyone threatening with a knife or offensive weapon
Pathology of Sharp Force Trauma illustrates and details sharp force trauma as seen in forensic pathology case work as well as in the clinical setting, outlining how one informs the other in interpreting such trauma for medico-legal purposes. For the purposes of discussion, the author defines sharp force trauma as: "The application of force to produce an injury which results in a clear division or separation of the skin and underlying tissues". Sharp force trauma may be caused by all manner of implements with a sharp edge and/or pointed end, whether or not they have been produced for use as a weapon, and includes knives, broken glass, scissors and many others, to name but a few. Certain tools, such as axes or machetes, combine a sharp edge with heavy weight and produce injuries with both sharp and blunt impact elements. In many countries, with the exception of those where firearms are readily available, sharp force trauma—particularly the use of knives—is the most common method of homicide and a frequent source of morbidity seen in emergency departments. Also, there has recently been an alarming upsurge in the use of knives in gang-related assaults and in terrorist incidents. As such, the book takes a comprehensive approach in explaining the different aspects of such trauma, most importantly the manner in which the victim has died. This includes cases of homicide, suicide or accident, indicating the type of weapon responsible, explaining how it was used, and presenting other such information to the investigation of such cases. Features: • Includes over 400 full-color graphic and illustrative images throughout • Addresses all aspects of the investigation including trauma, crime scene findings, post-mortem examination, characteristics of injuries and categorization into homicide, suicide or accident • Covers the biomechanics of knife trauma and tool mark examination techniques to identify implements used • Illustrates penetrating injuries caused by pointed implements which have linear components, such as arrows, nails, spears, stakes and others • Details cutting, penetrating, and other sharp force injuries resulting from medical intervention in a healthcare environment, such as might occur during surgical procedures • Examines sharp injuries caused by domesticated and wild animals • Written by one of the premier forensic pathologists in the world with over 40 years of first-hand case experience Pathology of Sharp Force Trauma is the first substantive book published in English to look exclusively at this subject. Although primarily intended for pathologists and clinicians who are involved in the examination of such injuries in the post-mortem room or in a hospital environment, it will also be of interest to medical examiners, police and criminal investigators, attorneys and legal professionals, personnel in other forensic disciplines, and all doctors and medical students with an interested in trauma and its management.