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From independence on August 15, 1960, to the present day, the Republic of Congo, formerly Middle Congo, has undertaken many social, economic, and political transformations due to the leadership qualities of all presidents. Despite internal and external constraints, each president has expressed the will to lead the country toward prosperity. Since independence, six presidents have ruled the country, and each is unique. Congolese expect presidents to change things and improve their living conditions, and they blame them when they fail. This feeling is natural because the people perceive the president as the father of the nation, who must satisfy their needs and give them happiness. The father of the nation is the one who does not divide the people. The job of the president is not as easy as we think. Since presidents can’t satisfy everyone, they become lightning rods at a discount, often taking the blame for phenomena beyond the control of a single person.
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Selected bibliography p.23.
The third edition of the Historical Dictionary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo looks back at the nearly 48 years of independence, over a century of colonial rule, and even earlier kingdoms and groups that shared the territory. This is done through a chronology, an introductory essay, a bibliography, and over 800 cross-referenced dictionary entries on civil wars, mutinies, notable people, places, events, and cultural practices.
For more than five years, the people of Zaire have struggled to survive in a state on the brink of utter collapse. Amid growing economic disarray and infrastructural breakdown, standards of living have plummeted, moral and ethical standards have withered, and violence has risen. Political authority is almost hopelessly fragmented and discredited. The massive inflow and outflow of Hutu refugees from Rwanda has exacerbated Zaire's multifaceted predicament, a predicament that, for political and economic as well as humanitarian reasons, the international community cannot ignore. But what practical steps can and should be taken by the international community, and which actors (individual governments, multilateral organizations, or NGOs) should take them? In the search for answers to these questions, and for an accurate portrait of the extent and nature of Zaire's malaise, Minority Rights Group (USA), supported by the United States Institute of Peace and the Carnegie Corporation, initiated a project in 1995 that brought together academics, government officials, and NGO experts to consider the case of Zaire and the prospects for effective preventive diplomacy there. This two-part report presents the results of this project: part I offers a broad-ranging examination of Zaire's predicament; part II presents three suggestions for preventive action to ameliorate Zaire's problems.