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Under the Constitution, the President is the head of the Executive and also a constituent part of the Parliament. This represents a real fusion of the highest executive and legislative authorities. The Constitution makes it incumbent upon the President to address both Houses of Parliament assembled together at the commencement of the first session after each general election to Lok Sabha and at the commencement of the first session each year and inform Parliament of the causes of its Parliament. The Presidential address thus, assumes a very important place as a policy statement of the Government. This address is drafted by the Government and contains a review of the activities and achievements of the Government during the previous year. It also touches upon important internal and current international problems. The address also contains a brief account of Government business for the session. The present volume includes the Presidential Addresses to Parliament from 1952 to 1995. It would be found useful by parliamentarians, researchers, scholars and all those interested in constitutional and parliamentary studies.
The Congressional Record is the official record of the proceedings and debates of the United States Congress. It is published daily when Congress is in session. The Congressional Record began publication in 1873. Debates for sessions prior to 1873 are recorded in The Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States (1789-1824), the Register of Debates in Congress (1824-1837), and the Congressional Globe (1833-1873)
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This book is about presidents in parliamentary systems. One commonly recurring political debate within parliamentary systems is over whether or not the public should directly elect the head of state. Despite the importance of this topic in practical politics, political scientists have offered little empirical evidence, yet made bold assumptions about the consequences of popular elections for heads of state. A common argument is that direct elections enhance presidents' legitimacythereby increasing their activism and encouraging authoritarian tendencies. Another popular assumption is that direct presidential elections are more heavily contested and partisan, polarizing and dividing political elites and the electorate. Proponents of direct elections argue that such electionswill help decrease voter alienation and apathy. This book challenges the conventional wisdom. Using both quantitative and qualitative empirical evidence from democratic systems across the world, this book demonstrates that compared to indirect selection methods, direct elections do not yield more active and contentious presidents, do not polarize political elites or society, and do not remedy political apathy. Rather, presidential activism in both "semi-presidential" and "pure parliamentary"systems is shaped by political opportunity framework - the institutional strength and partisan composition of both parliament and government. Further, because holding the presidency provides parties with an electoral asset, direct and indirect presidential elections can be equally contentious andpolarizing. Last, but not least, rather than decreasing apathy, direct election is associated with increased voter fatigue and decreased turnout in parliamentary elections by about seven percentage points.
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A historian and former presidential speechwriter presents an unprecedented two-volume collection of the greatest speeches in American history.