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Published twenty years ago, the original Preschool in Three Cultures was a landmark in the study of education: a profoundly enlightening exploration of the different ways preschoolers are taught in China, Japan, and the United States. Here, lead author Joseph Tobin—along with new collaborators Yeh Hsueh and Mayumi Karasawa—revisits his original research to discover how two decades of globalization and sweeping social transformation have affected the way these three cultures educate and care for their youngest pupils. Putting their subjects’ responses into historical perspective, Tobin, Hsueh, and Karasawa analyze the pressures put on schools to evolve and to stay the same, discuss how the teachers adapt to these demands, and examine the patterns and processes of continuity and change in each country. Featuring nearly one hundred stills from the videotapes, Preschool in Three Cultures Revisited artfully and insightfully illustrates the surprising, illuminating, and at times entertaining experiences of four-year-olds—and their teachers—on both sides of the Pacific.
Compares preschool education in the three countries, discusses how child care reflects social change and considers the issues of freedom, creativity, and discipline
Colonel Sanders, Elvis, Mickey Mouse, and Jack Daniels have been enthusiastically embraced by Japanese consumers in recent decades. But rather than simply imitate or borrow from the West, the Japanese reinterpret and transform Western products and practices to suit their culture. This entertaining and enlightening book shows how in the process of domesticating foreign goods and customs, the Japanese have created a culture in which once-exotic practices (such as ballroom dancing) have become familiar, and once- familiar practices (such as public bathing) have become exotic. Written by scholars from anthropology, sociology, and the humanities, the book ranges from analyses of Tokyo Disneyland and the Japanese passion for the Argentinean tango to discussions of Japanese haute couture and the search for an authentic nouvelle cuisine japonaise. These topics are approached from a variety of perspectives, with explorations of the interrelations of culture, ideology, and national identity and analyses of the roles that gender, class, generational, and regional differences play in the patterning of Japanese consumption. The result is a fascinating look at a dynamic society that is at once like and unlike our own.
It's food week in Manuel's class. Each student shares his or her family's food traditions. Some eat noodles with chopsticks. Others use a fork. Some families eat flat bread. Others eat puffy bread. What foods will Manuel talk about?
When we look beyond lesson planning and curricula—those explicit facets that comprise so much of our discussion about education—we remember that teaching is an inherently social activity, shaped by a rich array of implicit habits, comportments, and ways of communicating. This is as true in the United States as it is in Japan, where Akiko Hayashi and Joseph Tobin have long studied early education from a cross-cultural perspective. Taking readers inside the classrooms of Japanese preschools, Teaching Embodied explores the everyday, implicit behaviors that form a crucially important—but grossly understudied—aspect of educational practice. Akiko Hayashi and Joseph Tobin embed themselves in the classrooms of three different teachers at three different schools to examine how teachers act, think, and talk. Drawing on extended interviews, their own real-time observations, and hours of video footage, they focus on how teachers embody their lessons: how they use their hands to gesture, comfort, or discipline; how they direct their posture, gaze, or physical location to indicate degrees of attention; and how they use the tone of their voice to communicate empathy, frustration, disapproval, or enthusiasm. Comparing teachers across schools and over time, they offer an illuminating analysis of the gestures that comprise a total body language, something that, while hardly ever explicitly discussed, the teachers all share to a remarkable degree. Showcasing the tremendous importance of—and dearth of attention to—this body language, they offer a powerful new inroad into educational study and practice, a deeper understanding of how teaching actually works, no matter what culture or country it is being practiced in.
In both the original and the new Preschool in Three Cultures studies we made videotapes of typical days in preschools in Japan, China, and the United States. In these studies, we used the videotapes as interviewing cues, as a non-verbal way of asking practitioners about their beliefs about what should happen in preschool settings. After completing the research, we re-edited the videotapes, adding narration that provides context and features the teachers' explanations for the practices seen in the videos. These edited, narrated videos are meant to be companions to Preschool in Three Cultures (Yale University Press, 1989) and Preschool in Three Cultures Revisited (University of Chicago Press, 2009).
The videos, which were shot in 2004, are of Komatsudani Hoikuen (Daycare Center) in Kyoto, Japan; Daguan Youeryuan (Kindergarten) in Kunming, China; St. Timothy's Child Center, in Honolulu, Hawaii; Madoka Yochien (Kindergarten) in Tokyo, Japan; Sinanlu Youeryuan (Kindergarten) in Shanghai, China; and Alhambra Preschool in Phoenix, Arizona. The first three preschools are sites which we first filmed in 1984 for the original Preschool in Three Cultures Study. The other three are of preschools we selected for the new study to reflect new directions in each country's approach to early childhood education. In this study, the videos function primarily as interviewing tools. We call this approach "video cued multivocal ethnography" (or the Preschool in three cultures method). In this method, it is the responses of informants to these images, rather than the images themselves, that are the core data of the study and the primary source of meaning. By showing and discussing the videotapes with hundreds of preschool teachers and directors in each country, we were able to learn something about the variation to be found in each country's approach. The book Preschool in three cultures revisited presents our analysis of teachers' reflections on their own and each others' cultural practices. The narration track of this video presents Chinese, Japanese, and U.S. teachers' reflections on key scenes in the videos. A disclaimer: clearly no one preschool can be representative of the preschools of an entire city much less of an entire country. We do not claim that the preschools in these videos are representative, except in the sense that they are not unrepresentative. Each is an example of just one of the many kinds of preschools to be found in its country.
The Preschool in Three Cultures features typical days at Komatsudani Hoikuen in Kyoto, Japan; Dong Feng (Daguan) Youeryuan in Kunming, China; and St. Timothy's Child Center in Honolulu, U.S. This video was made from the original research videotape shot in the mid-1980s that, unfortunately, deteriorated a bit before the digital master was made. As a result, the video images are a bit grainy.