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The civil rights movement was first and foremost a struggle for racial equality, but questions of gender lay deeply embedded within this struggle. Steve Estes explores key groups, leaders, and events in the movement to understand how activists used race and manhood to articulate their visions of what American society should be. Estes demonstrates that, at crucial turning points in the movement, both segregationists and civil rights activists harnessed masculinist rhetoric, tapping into implicit assumptions about race, gender, and sexuality. Estes begins with an analysis of the role of black men in World War II and then examines the segregationists, who demonized black male sexuality and galvanized white men behind the ideal of southern honor. He then explores the militant new models of manhood espoused by civil rights activists such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr., and groups such as the Nation of Islam, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and the Black Panther Party. Reliance on masculinist organizing strategies had both positive and negative consequences, Estes concludes. Tracing these strategies from the integration of the U.S. military in the 1940s through the Million Man March in the 1990s, he shows that masculinism rallied men to action but left unchallenged many of the patriarchal assumptions that underlay American society.
"The struggle to assure the Negro population of the United States full political and economic rights has been a major social issue since the Civil War. Since World War II, the federal government has become an active participant in efforts to secure those rights. This Congressional Quarterly book is a review of the revolution in civil rights, with special focus on the attempts to write wide federal civil rights legislation, on the successes and failures that have resulted and on the continuing challenges that face the nation in the future. In addition to a chronicle of Congressional action, the book reviews major Supreme Court rulings on civil rights, the progress in school desegregation, findings of the Civil Rights Commission a\nd various proposals on civil rights." -- Introduction.