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During the Tokugawa period in Japan (1600-1868), leather tanners, butchers, and others working in "polluted" occupations were made to live in segregated communities. These are the buraku communities that continue, despite the end of the caste system, to suffer significant discrimination. For his research, McLauchlan (Japanese studies, Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology, New Zealand) conducted open-ended interviews with 21 members of the Buraku Liberation League, all members of a buraku community in East Osaka. He details the experiences of discrimination, their reactions to discrimination at the time, and their reflections on their status at the time of the interview. Annotation : 2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).
Translated with an Intoduction by Alastair McLaughlin. The extent of discrimination against the Buraku communities is one of the most sensitive issues facing the Japanese government and the social coherence of contemporary Japan.
A comprehensive analysis into the background of legal responses to, and wider implications of, hate speech in Japan.
"At the heart of modern Japan there remains an intractable and divisive social problem with its roots in pre-history, namely the ongoing social and state discrimination against the D¿−wa communities, otherwise known as Buraku. Principally identified with 0́8unclean0́9 work linked to the leather industry and Japan0́9s abbatoirs and meat processing factories, their resulting marginalization and isolation within society as a whole remains a veiled yet contested issue. Buraku studies, once largely ignored within Japan0́9s academia and by scholarly publishers, have developed considerably in the first decades of the twenty-first century, as the extensive bibliography provided here clearly demonstrates, thereby ensuring that the authors of the present study (2016), translated by the Oxford scholar Ian Neary, have been able to access the most recent data. Because of its importance as the first broadly-based Buraku history, a wider readership was always the authors0́9 principal focus. Yet, it also provides a valuable source book for further study by those wishing to develop their knowledge about the subject from an informed base. This history of the Buraku communities and their antecedents is the first such study to be published in English"--
First study published in English. An intractable, divisive social problem with roots in pre-history, the ongoing discrimination against Dôwa communities (Buraku). Identified with 'unclean' work linked to specific occupations, their resulting marginalization and isolation within society as a whole remains a veiled yet contested issue.
The Buraku people have been segregated, oppressed, and discriminated against throughout Japanese history. The Japanese can dismiss the Buraku issue because of assimilation theories, the belief in homogeneity, and passive attitudes by the Buraku people. The Buraku Liberation League (BLL), which has fought for equal rights on behalf of the Buraku people since 1955, has the potential to effect changes that will improve minority issues in Japan. This thesis examines the historical formation of the Buraku people and the ideological aspects that reinforce discrimination against them. The historical observation of the Buraku, conducted by reviewing the existing literature, focuses on how the Buraku people and the discrimination against them originated. To understand the ideological aspects of the Buraku issue, focus groups as well as individual interviews were conducted in Osaka from June to September 1993 to gain a general overview of the problem. There was a total of four focus groups: three Buraku focus groups (young adults, parents, elderly) and one non-Buraku focus group (young adults). In addition to the focus groups, five BLL officers were individually interviewed. Subsequently, questionnaires were distributed in 1997 in various geographical areas to verify the findings of the first research. Non-Buraku subjects came from Hokkaido, Tokyo, Kanagawa, and Osaka, while all the Buraku subjects were from Osaka. Each of the Buraku and the non-Buraku were categorized into two age groups: parents and young adults. The results of the historical observation demonstrated that the Buraku people were derived from people with various backgrounds and occupations. Also, they have contributed to traditional Japanese art forms (such as dance and arts and crafts) as well as human rights advancement. The results of the ideological observation revealed that many non-Buraku subjects had the misconception that Buraku discrimination has disappeared. Most of them were indifferent toward the Buraku issue and had little knowledge about Buraku history and the current Buraku issues. Because the present school curriculum seldom provides information, especially positive information, about the Buraku, the non- Buraku tend to focus only on the negative aspects of being Buraku. The ideological study also discovered that non-Buraku subjects tended to avoid involvement with the Buraku, whereas Buraku subjects hesitated to reveal their identity and often tried to pass as the non-Buraku. The negative image of the Buraku, the image of isolation and exclusion induced by discrimination, appears to instill a fear of exclusion from the majority among both the non-Buraku and Buraku when they become involved in the Buraku issue. The research suggests that it is essential for the BLL to confront indifference, lack of knowledge, and the fear of discrimination. In order to accomplish these goals, it is essential to raise awareness of the Buraku issue and to communicate the positive aspects of the Buraku. Accordingly, the BLL needs to request that the government, especially the Ministry of Education, restructure the history and moral education curricula, and provide nationwide mandatory human rights education to include the Buraku issue. In addition, in order to confront anti-Buraku liberation theories and for the future success of the Buraku liberation movement, the BLL needs to focus and define the future direction of the Buraku liberation movement.
Japan's attempt to project to the world an image of solid middle-class national identity is challenged by the Burakumin, an outcaste group of indigenous Japanese citizens who have been subjugated for centuries to political, economic, and religious discrimination. In the 1960s the efforts of this group and its supporters led to a 40-year national program of economic aid and educational programs designed to move these people out of poverty and increase life options. These programs, recently terminated, have left the Burakumin and other marginalized groups uncertain of their future. Based on ten years of ethnographic inquiry, Gordon's book explores the views of educators and activists caught in this period of transition after having their lives and careers shaped by the political demands of a liberation movement dedicated to achieving educational equity for the Burakumin and their disadvantaged neighbors. Gordon provides the context of the efforts to achieve the human rights of the Burakumin and the complexity of their identity in a Japanese society struggling with economic and demographic globalization.
Modern Japanese share a myth to the effect that they harbor in their midst an inferior race less "human" than the stock that fathered their nation as a whole. These pariahs, numbering more than two million, are segregated by caste just as firmly as the Negro is in the United States. The present volume, to which several Japanese and American social scientists have contributed, offeres an interdisciplinary description and analysis of this strangely persistent phenomenon, inherited from feudal times. Its main thesis is that caste and racism are derivatives of identical psychological processes in human personality, however differently structure they may be in social institutions. It finds that what it terms status anxiety, related to defensively held social values, leads to a need to segregate disparaged parts of the population on grounds of innate inferiority. Until the time of their official emancipation in 1871, the so-called eta were distinguished visibly by their special garb. Today few clues to their identity are visible; yet, they remain a distinguishable, segregated segment of the population and bear inwardly, in a psychological sense, the stigma resulting from generations of oppression. This volume traces the story of the outcastes in complete detail--their origin, their stormy post-emancipation history, and their present leftist political significance. Large populations of outcasts live in urban ghettoes within the major cities of south-central Japan. In some of these metropolitan centers they comprise up to 5 percent of the population but contribute 60 to 65 percent of unemployment and relief roles. They have periodic trouble with the police; they manifest a delinquency rate more than three times that of the ordinary population; their children do poorly in school; they are subject to various forms of job discrimination; and few marriages are successfully consummated across the caste barrier. Some try to escape their past identity by becoming prostitutes or by entering the underworld. Those who survive discrimination to achieve status in society either live in fear of exposure [if they are "passing"] or overtly maintain their identity in proud isolation. Some who live in rural communities have achieved equal economic status with their neighbors but not full social acceptance. In their theoretical closing discussion the authors offer a challenging critique of Marxian class theory in introducing the concept of "expressive" exploitation--that is, the psychological use of a subordinate group as a repository of what is disavowed by the values of a culture in a caste society--as distinct in form and function from the "instrumental" economic or political exploitation of subjected minorities in class societies. Contributors:Gerald BerremanJohn B. CornellJohn DonoghueEdward NorbeckJohn PriceYuzuru SasakiGeorge O. Totten This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1966.