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The purpose of this book is twofold: it is meant to serve both as a practical manual for the study of animal development and as a general introduction to the subject. Central to our en deavour is the belief that developmental biology is best taught and learnt at the laboratory bench, with specimens which are either alive and can be seen to develop or with fresh material derived directly from the egg (as in birds) or mother (as in mammals). Once the dynamic nature of development is appreci ated and the overall structure of the developing organism discerned the more conventional study of sections and whole mounts is more likely to become a delight rather than a diffi cult, and often meaningless, chore. We have laid considerable stress on the early development of animal embryos and the ways in which they can be obtained from a relatively few, but reliable, sources. In addition, emphasis has been placed on fairly simple experiments which make use of the embryos and larvae chosen for the purpose of illustrating develop ment. Embryology ceased to be a descriptive science at the beginning of this century and any practical course, at what ever level, should attempt to reflect this change. It is true that the analysis of development, particularly the genesis of chor date structure, owed much to the invention of the microtome.
The purpose of this book is twofold: it is meant to serve both as a practical manual for the study of animal development and as a general introduction to the subject. Central to our en deavour is the belief that developmental biology is best taught and learnt at the laboratory bench, with specimens which are either alive and can be seen to develop or with fresh material derived directly from the egg (as in birds) or mother (as in mammals). Once the dynamic nature of development is appreci ated and the overall structure of the developing organism discerned the more conventional study of sections and whole mounts is more likely to become a delight rather than a diffi cult, and often meaningless, chore. We have laid considerable stress on the early development of animal embryos and the ways in which they can be obtained from a relatively few, but reliable, sources. In addition, emphasis has been placed on fairly simple experiments which make use of the embryos and larvae chosen for the purpose of illustrating develop ment. Embryology ceased to be a descriptive science at the beginning of this century and any practical course, at what ever level, should attempt to reflect this change. It is true that the analysis of development, particularly the genesis of chor date structure, owed much to the invention of the microtome.
Scientific experiments using animals have contributed significantly to the improvement of human health. Animal experiments were crucial to the conquest of polio, for example, and they will undoubtedly be one of the keystones in AIDS research. However, some persons believe that the cost to the animals is often high. Authored by a committee of experts from various fields, this book discusses the benefits that have resulted from animal research, the scope of animal research today, the concerns of advocates of animal welfare, and the prospects for finding alternatives to animal use. The authors conclude with specific recommendations for more consistent government action.
Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment reviews advances made during the last 10-15 years in fields such as developmental biology, molecular biology, and genetics. It describes a novel approach for how these advances might be used in combination with existing methodologies to further the understanding of mechanisms of developmental toxicity, to improve the assessment of chemicals for their ability to cause developmental toxicity, and to improve risk assessment for developmental defects. For example, based on the recent advances, even the smallest, simplest laboratory animals such as the fruit fly, roundworm, and zebrafish might be able to serve as developmental toxicological models for human biological systems. Use of such organisms might allow for rapid and inexpensive testing of large numbers of chemicals for their potential to cause developmental toxicity; presently, there are little or no developmental toxicity data available for the majority of natural and manufactured chemicals in use. This new approach to developmental toxicology and risk assessment will require simultaneous research on several fronts by experts from multiple scientific disciplines, including developmental toxicologists, developmental biologists, geneticists, epidemiologists, and biostatisticians.
This volume is a revised and augmented edition of part of the book Ob"ekty Biologii Razvitiya (Animal Species for Developmental Studies) published in Rus sian in 1975 in the series of monographs Problemy Biologii Razvitiya (Problems of Developmental Biology) by Nauka Publishers, Moscow. That book described the development of organisms most frequently used in developmental biology studies. Data were provided for 22 animal species, belonging to different taxa, from protists to mammals. For the English edition we decided to divide the original book into two parts dealing with vertebrates and invertebrates, respectively. This volume deals with vertebrate species. When choosing these species, their advantages for laboratory studies, infonnation available, and availability for experimentation in the USSR and in Europe were taken into account. This geographical criterion explains the absence in the book of a number of species widely used in the laboratories of the USA, Japan, and other countries, such as Rana pipiens, Cynops pyrrhogaster, and others. Besides the classical laboratory animals, some fish have been described since the study of the mechanisms of their development and attempts to control their on togenesis are of immediate value and the results obtained can be tested on the mass material. A study of the development of laboratory mammals is of special interest since current problems of modern medicine and veterinary sciences are tackled using these animals.
No field of contemporary biomedical science has been more revolutionized by the techniques of molecular biology than developmental biology. This is an outstanding concise introduction to developmental biology that takes a contemporary approach to describing the complex process that transforms an egg into an adult organism. The book features exceptionally clear two-color illustrations, and is designed for use in both undergraduate and graduate level courses. The book is especially noteworthy for its treatment of development in model organisms, whose contributions to developmental biology were recognized in the 1995 Nobel Prize for physiology and medicine.
This reference on veterinary embryology covers general embryology, i.e. the development from the formation of the gametes over fertilization and initial embryogenesis up to the stage where organ formation is initiated, and special embryology, i.e. the development of the organ systems. Moreover, the book also includes a section on teratology, one on assisted reproductive technologies and one on veterinary and societal aspects. Written with the veterinary student in mind, this textbook is written in an accessible style with high quality colour illustrations and line drawings. Succinct and accessible 300 high-quality colour illustrations Written for undergraduates and invaluable for graduates wishing to brush up
Living Embryos: An Introduction to the Study of Animal Development covers the growth of an animal embryo, specifically the sequence developmental events of an egg. This book addresses the mammalian embryo as a homograph and demonstrates early vertebrate development mechanisms. Some of the topics covered in the book are the early embryology, development, and growth of the frog, mammals, chick, rabbit, arthropods, polychaetes, nematodes, molluscs, and tunicates. Other chapters deal with the formation of the nervous, muscular, and alimentary systems. These topics are followed by the analysis of the development of fishes. The discussion then shifts to the method of fertilization. The last chapters examine the formation of cleavage, cleavage geometry, embryonic membranes, and organization of the egg. The book can provide useful information to embryologists, biologists, students, and researchers.