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This brief presents four practical methods to effectively explore causal relationships, which are often used for explanation, prediction and decision making in medicine, epidemiology, biology, economics, physics and social sciences. The first two methods apply conditional independence tests for causal discovery. The last two methods employ association rule mining for efficient causal hypothesis generation, and a partial association test and retrospective cohort study for validating the hypotheses. All four methods are innovative and effective in identifying potential causal relationships around a given target, and each has its own strength and weakness. For each method, a software tool is provided along with examples demonstrating its use. Practical Approaches to Causal Relationship Exploration is designed for researchers and practitioners working in the areas of artificial intelligence, machine learning, data mining, and biomedical research. The material also benefits advanced students interested in causal relationship discovery.
Unlike the bulk majority of publications on philosophy of science and research ethics, which are authored by professional philosophers and intended for philosophers, this book has been written by a research practitioner and intended for research practitioners. It is distinctive by its integrative approach to methodological and ethical issues related to research practice, with special emphasis of mathematical modelling and measurement, as well as by attempted application of engineering design methodology to moral decision making. It is also distinctive by more than 200 real-world examples drawn from various domains of science and technology. It is neither a philosophical treaty nor a quick-reference guide. It is intended to encourage young researchers, especially Ph.D. students, to deeper philosophical reflection over research practice. They are not expected to have any philosophical background, but encouraged to consult indicated sources of primary information and academic textbooks containing syntheses of information from primary sources. This book can be a teaching aid for students attending classes aimed at identification of methodological and ethical issues related to technoscientific research, followed by introduction to the methodology of analysing dilemmas arising in this context.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Parallel Computing Technologies, PaCT 2023, held in Astana, Kazakhstan, during August 21-25, 2023. The 15 full papers included in this book were carefully reviewed and selected from 23 submissions. They were organized in topical sections as follows: automatic programming and program tuning; frameworks and services; algorithms; and distributed systems management.
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings at PAKDD Workshops 2018, held in conjunction with the 22nd Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, PAKDD 2018, in Melbourne, Australia, in June 2018. The 32 revised papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 46 submissions. The workshops affiliated with PAKDD 2018 include: Workshop on Big Data Analytics for Social Computing, BDASC, Australasian Workshop on Machine Learning for Cyber-security, ML4Cyber, Workshop on Biologically-inspired Techniques for Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, BDM, Pacific Asia Workshop on Intelligence and Security Informatics, PAISI, and Workshop on Data Mining for Energy Modeling and Optimization, DaMEMO.
This book offers a guide to sociology that explores its theoretical and methodological dimensions. Aiming to provide the reader with a sense of the reasoned character of the discipline, it traces how different theories and methods relate to one another, exploring the particular problems they spawn and the debates that have arisen in response.
Exploring Intercultural Communication investigates the role of language in intercultural communication, paying particular attention to the interplay between cultural diversity and language practice. This second edition increases and updates the coverage on emerging key topics, including symbolic power, communicative turbulence, conversational inequality, stereotypes, racism, Nationality and Ethnicity talk and the impact and role of technology in intercultural communication. Including global examples from a range of genres, this book is an indispensable resource for students taking language and intercultural communication modules within applied linguistics, TESOL, education or communication studies courses.
This report explores the applicability of neighborhood theory and social indicators research to understanding the quality of life in and around military bases. It also highlights gaps in neighborhood study methodology that need to be addressed in future research. Finally, it outlines how a more in-depth neighborhood analysis of military installations could be conducted.
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men, and prognosis varies with age, ethnicity, genetic background, and stage of progression. Disease progression that has been observed in a substantial proportion of patients despite androgen ablation, can arise from many factors, such as the presence of cells that are resistant de novo or acquire resistance induced by androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) or androgen receptor antagonists.
Drawing together international experts on research methods in International Relations (IR), this Handbook answers the complex practical questions for those approaching a new research topic for the first time. Innovative in its approach, it considers the art of IR research as well as the science, offering diverse perspectives on current research methods and emerging developments in the field.
Largely reorganised and much expanded in this second edition, Practice and Procedures brings together in a single volume general methods of pain assessment and presents the wide range of therapies that can be provided by a range of health care disciplines. Authored by a multidisciplinary team of experts, chapters can stand alone for readers looking