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The main message of the study is that Central America's ability to exploit the opportunities created by ongoing trade liberalization will depend on the ability of the region to implement a complementary policy agenda that creates an enabling policy and institutional environment.
Latin American and Caribbean Trade Agreements: Keys to a Prosperous Community of the Americas is the essential reference guide for companies trading with Latin America and the Caribbean or wishing to use a country in the region as an export platform. This work fills the void in academic texts that are used to teach courses on economic integration in the Western Hemisphere. It provides a road map for the Obama Administration to launch an ambitious project designed to encourage economic growth, promote energy security, and reduce harmful greenhouse gas emissions, while at the same time realistically meeting the development needs of Latin America and the Caribbean. Latin American and Caribbean Trade Agreements: Keys to a Prosperous Community of the Americas posits that the myopic focus of past United States administrations on free markets to spur economic development in the Western Hemisphere is not enough. A bolder and more ambitious project that also seeks to redress many of the deep-seated problems that have long plagued the region is required. The Community of the Americas proposed in this book rests upon the important work that has already been done at the sub-regional level in terms of economic and political reform, identifying infrastructure and human capital needs, and regulating migration. It provides a new and cohesive vision for U.S. policy in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Foreword / by Luis Alberto Moreno -- Introduction / Sidney Weintraub -- United States / Frank Verrastro -- Canada / Annette Hester and Sidney Weintraub -- Mexico / Sidney Weintraub and Rafael Fernández de Castro -- North America / Joseph M. Dukert -- Venezuela / Lowell R. Fleischer -- Colombia / Philip McLean -- Argentina / Thomas Andrew O'Keefe -- Brazil / Georges D. Landau -- Ecuador / Lowell R. Fleischer -- Peru / Carol Wise -- Bolivia / Peter DeShazo -- Trinidad and Tobago / Anthony T. Bryan -- Energy infrastructure in the Western hemisphere / Veronica R. Prado -- Environmental issues in Latin America and the Caribbean / José Leal and Joseluis Samaniego -- Hydrocarbon sector organization and regulation / Michelle Michot Foss, Miranda Ferrell Wainberg, and Dmitry Volkov -- China and India come to Latin America for energy / Wenran Jiang -- A 2025 perspective on oil and natural gas in the hemisphere / Alan Hegburg -- Conclusions and looking ahead / Sidney Weintraub.
This book charts the key stages of Central American integration and demonstrates the advances and limitations of governments cooperating at a level of integration that goes beyond the confines of the nation-state.
This book is a collective work published as part of a larger project titled "Mexico-Guatemala cross-border region; regional dimensions and bases for integrated development," the purpose of which is to introduce a series of issues relative to the geopolitical dimension of Mexico’s actions in Central America and its stance on conflicts in the region between 1959 and 2019. The most widely published texts up until now have been written by Mexican authors, and we have less insight into how these processes have been viewed from Central America. With that in mind, we brought together a group of specialists, each highly renowned in their own country, some of them academics and others whose accounts are worth hearing because of their participation in social and political movements that are closely bound up in this issue. The following questions guided the drafting of this book: How have Central Americans viewed Mexican policies toward their countries? What do they think of Mexico’s influence in various spheres of life in the region? Has Central America’s past view of Mexico as their Latin American "big brother" changed? What do they consider to be the most salient issues in relations between our countries? What were the strategic interests of Cuba and the United States in the region? How did these processes develop during the Cold War, and what elements began to change in the 1990s? The purpose of the chapters in this book is to answer these questions and to bring together and share knowledge and perspectives. This book will appeal to students and researchers alike interested in the politics and history of 20th-century Mexico and Central America, as well as the involvement of such states during the Cold War and thereafter.
This book analyses energy transitions and the opportunities and challenges for building sustainable energy systems to improve human capabilities while protecting the environment. Sufficient and secure energy supply is critical to human thriving and socioeconomic development. Yet energy systems are also implicated in the most pressing socio-environmental challenges of our time - climate change, air pollution, and water and land use. This book examines what is arguably the most ambitious vision for a renewable energy based system worldwide. This vision, often called Desertec, is for a regional electricity system supplying North Africa, Europe, and the Middle East with sustainable and affordable power. The behemoth plan would entail building dozens of large-scale solar and wind power plants mostly in North Africa, interconnecting the fragmented transmission infrastructure of 38 Mediterranean countries, and linking North Africa to the European Union (EU) through undersea transmission cables. Within the Mediterranean, the book focuses on Morocco, which is one of the most advanced developing countries in renewable energy scale-up, to understand its motivations for building renewable energy and the effects on sustainable development. The book therefore takes a unique multi-scalar approach to understanding the social and political aspects of energy transitions, weaving together the views of villagers living near Morocco’s first solar energy zone with the perspectives of national decision-makers in Morocco with the views of European policymakers and major transnational energy companies in the Mediterranean region. This book will be of great interest to students, scholars and policymakers interested in energy transitions, sustainable and renewable energy, Mediterranean politics, sustainable development and environment and sustainability more generally.
This study challenges several widely held assumptions about Central American economic integration, arguing that the key to understanding the failure of the integration program lies in neither advanced economic nor regional integration theory, but in the domestic politics of the states involved. Thus, the author contends that the Common Market was not the cause of the balance-of-payments and balanced-growth crises in Central America; rather, domestic political forces were the major factor in the collapse of the market and the subsequent attempts at restructuring. Professor Shaw disputes the standard interpretations of the role of the technocrats in the integration process and demonstrates that the domestic political elites played an important role throughout. He also challenges the assumption that economic integration is always a force for conciliation, pointing out that the Common Market aggravated some of the conflicts that led to war between El Salvador and Honduras in 1969. Nor are integration programs among less developed countries necessarily instruments of political and social change, according to this analysis; on the contrary, political elites used the Common Market to bypass the internal economic reforms necessary for national development. This study incorporates new material—interview data and other primary source material—on events of the past eight years.
Central America constitutes a fascinating case study of the challenges, opportunities and characteristics of the process of transformation in today’s global economy. Comprised of a politically diverse range of societies, this region has long been of interest to students of economic development and political change. The Handbook of Central American Governance aims to describe and explain the manifold processes that are taking place in Central America that are altering patterns of social, political and economic governance, with particular focus on the impact of globalization and democratization. Containing sections on topics such as state and democracy, key political and social actors, inequality and social policy and international relations, in addition to in-depth studies on five key countries (Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras and Guatemala), this text is composed of contributions from some of the leading scholars in the field. No other single volume studies the current characteristics of the region from a political, economic and social perspective or reviews recent research in such detail. As such, this handbook is of value to academics, students and researchers as well as to policy-makers and those with an interest in governance and political processes.
The combined edition of 2009-2010 of the international and interdisciplinary Summer Academy proceedings sheds light on major challenges in the fi ld of energy and the environment: climate policy, renewable energy and grid related questions. The collection of articles begins with an overview of efforts in the field of international climate policy and development, such as the United Nations' CDM (Clean Development Mechanism). It goes on to study the regional particularities of climate and environmental policy-making, using case studies from Europe, China and Africa. Finally, the proceedings consider the important part that energy will play in curbing climate change. After all, this sector is the major contributor of CO2 emissions and therefore the major cause of global warming. Transitional energy sources like gas will be discussed, and the necessary adjustments to our current energy infrastructure will be analyzed in case studies on grids from South America and Europe.