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The present book provides a clear and comprehensive introduction to the topics of crystallography and diffraction for undergraduate and beginning graduate students and lecturers in physics, chemistry, materials and earth sciences, but will also be of interest to the layperson who wishes toknow about these topics beyond the level given in more general trade science books. The book shows how crystal structures may be built up from simple ideas of atomic packing and co-ordination, and develops the concepts of crystal symmetry, point and space groups by way of two-dimensional examples ofpatterns and tilings. Furthermore, the concept of the reciprocal lattice is explained in simple terms and its importance in an understanding of light, x-ray and electron diffraction shown. Finally, the book covers practical examples of the applications of these techniques, and describes theimportance of diffraction in the performance of optical instruments. For this second edition, the existing material has been thoroughly updated, additional figures and exercises have been supplied and two new chapters added. From reviews on the 1/e: '... This is a timely, well-constructed bookwhich should be seriously considered by every teacher of crystallography and can be recommended to anyone who wants to get to grips with crystallography and diffraction.' P. Goodhew, Journal of Microscopy, June 1998 'IUCr publications have always been outstanding for quality of presentation andexposition and this book maintains that high standard.' J.E. Chisholm, Mineralogical Magazine, February 1998
A little over ?ve years have passed since the ?rst edition of this book appeared in print. Seems like an instant but also eternity, especially considering numerous developments in the hardware and software that have made it from the laboratory test beds into the real world of powder diffraction. This prompted a revision, which had to be beyond cosmetic limits. The book was, and remains focused on standard laboratory powder diffractometry. It is still meant to be used as a text for teaching students about the capabilities and limitations of the powder diffraction method. We also hope that it goes beyond a simple text, and therefore, is useful as a reference to practitioners of the technique. The original book had seven long chapters that may have made its use as a text - convenient. So the second edition is broken down into 25 shorter chapters. The ?rst ?fteen are concerned with the fundamentals of powder diffraction, which makes it much more logical, considering a typical 16-week long semester. The last ten ch- ters are concerned with practical examples of structure solution and re?nement, which were preserved from the ?rst edition and expanded by another example – R solving the crystal structure of Tylenol .
The Primary Scope Of This Text-Book Covers The Transmission As Well As Reflection Optics Of Minerals And The Methods Of Their Studies. To Explain The Optical Behaviour Of Minerals, Some Relevant Concepts In Spectroscopy Have Been Introduced. This Book Fills The Need Of The Students To A Better Understanding Of The Physical Nature Of Minerals Through Studies In Ir-Visible-X-Ray Region.This Book Contains Seven Chapters Titled As: General Optics: Interactions Of Light With Matter, Study In Polarised Light, Optical (Absorption) Sepctroscopic Studies Of Minerals, Reflection Optics, Reflection Spectroscopy, Vibrational Spectroscopy: Infrared And Raman - An Outline, X-Ray Optics. It Also Offers As Appendices The Transmission, Reflection Properties And X-Ray Data Of Minerals.This Is The Only Book That Lucidly Introduces The Principles Of Modern Methods Of Mineral Optics In A Single Volume For The Students Of Graduate And Post-Graduate Levels.
Crystal structure analysis from powder diffraction data has attracted considerable and ever growing interest in the last decades. X-ray powder diffraction is best known for phase analysis (Hanawalt files) dating back to the 30s. In the late 60s the inherent potential of powder diffraction for crystallographic problems was realized and scientists developed methods for using powder diffraction data at first only for the refinement of crystal structures. With the development of ever growing computer power profile fitting and pattern decomposition allowed to extract individual intensities from overlapping diffraction peaks opening the way to many other applications, especially to ab initio structure determination. Powder diffraction today is used in X-ray and neutron diffraction, where it is a powerful method in neutron diffraction for the determination of magnetic structures. In the last decade the interest has dramatically improved. There is hardly any field of crystallography where the Rietveld, or full pattern method has not been tried with quantitative phase analysis the most important recent application.
Physical Methods in Modern Chemical Analysis, Volume 2 covers the fundamental principles, the instrumentation or necessary equipment, and applications of selected physical methods. This volume contains five chapters, and deals first with the theory, instrumentation, column features, and applications of high-performance liquid chromatography. The next two chapters survey the principles, experimental aspects, procedures, and specific applications of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. A chapter discusses the technical and theoretical aspects of ion cyclotron resonance, with a special emphasis on its application in gas phase ion and neutral compounds analysis. The last chapter explores the apparatus and experimental procedures in refractive index measurements. This book will be of value to analytical chemists and analytical chemistry researchers.
Reports NIST research and development in the physical and engineering sciences in which the Institute is active. These include physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics, and computer sciences. Emphasis on measurement methodology and the basic technology underlying standardization.
Linking of materials properties with microstructures is a fundamental theme in materials science, for which a detailed knowledge of the modern characterization techniques is essential. Since modern materials such as high-temperature alloys, engineering thermoplastics and multilayer semiconductor films have many elemental constituents distributed in more than one phase, characterization is essential to the systematic development of such new materials and understanding how they behave in practical applications. X-ray techniques play a major role in providing information on the elemental composition and crystal and grain structures of all types of materials. The challenge to the materials characterization expert is to understand how specific instruments and analytical techniques can provide detailed information about what makes each material unique. The challenge to the materials scientist, chemist, or engineer is to know what information is needed to fully characterize each material and how to use this information to explain its behavior, develop new and improved properties, reduce costs, or ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. This comprehensive handbook presents all the necessary background to understand the applications of X-ray analysis to materials characterization with particular attention to the modern approach to these methods.