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The Center for the Evaluation of Risks to Human Reproduction (CERHR) conducted an evaluation of the potential for Bisphenol A to cause adverse effects on reproduction and development in humans. Bisphenol A is a high production volume chemical used primarily in the production of polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, both of which are used in some food and drink containers. CERHR selected it for evaluation because of the: Widespread human exposure; Public concern for possible health effects from human exposures; High production volume; and Evidence of reproductive and developmental toxicity in laboratory animal studies. This monograph includes a Brief on Bisphenol A and the Expert Panel Report on Bisphenol A. Charts and tables.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used to produce certain types of plastic that are used in thousands of formulations for myriad products. Containers made with these plastics may expose people to small amounts of BPA in food and water. Medical devices and other more ubiquitous products, such as thermal paper coatings, also may contribute significantly to human exposure. Some animal experiments have found that fetal and infant development may be harmed by small amounts of BPA. Contents of this report: Health Effects; Human Exposure; Fed. BPA Regulations; Events Surrounding the Current Controversy: Nat. Toxicology Program; FDA; State Gov¿t. Actions; Foreign Gov¿t. Actions; Private Sector Actions. A print on demand report.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a synthetic compound for hardening and clearing polycarbonate plastics. BPA is mainly classified as an estrogen-like endocrine-disrupting chemical. In the last decade, attention has arisen in scientific communities that it is not safe to use this chemical in mainly polycarbonate plastics. Exposure to BPA starts in prenatal period, which is the critical period for its toxic effects on different organs. Throughout this book, the readers will obtain information on the effects of BPA on different systems. They will also get information on the prenatal and postnatal effects of BPA. We believe that readers will get qualified scientific knowledge and a general overview of the toxic effects of BPA exposure and its consequences from this book.
Some investigators have hypothesized that estrogens and other hormonally active agents found in the environment might be involved in breast cancer increases and sperm count declines in humans as well as deformities and reproductive problems seen in wildlife. This book looks in detail at the science behind the ominous prospect of "estrogen mimics" threatening health and well-being, from the level of ecosystems and populations to individual people and animals. The committee identifies research needs and offers specific recommendations to decision-makers. This authoritative volume: Critically evaluates the literature on hormonally active agents in the environment and identifies known and suspected toxicologic mechanisms and effects of fish, wildlife, and humans. Examines whether and how exposure to hormonally active agents occursâ€"in diet, in pharmaceuticals, from industrial releases into the environmentâ€"and why the debate centers on estrogens. Identifies significant uncertainties, limitations of knowledge, and weaknesses in the scientific literature. The book presents a wealth of information and investigates a wide range of examples across the spectrum of life that might be related to these agents.
Some of the developmental effects seen among rodents exposed to low doses of BPA include changes in brains and behaviors; precancerous lesions in the prostate and mammary glands; altered prostate and urinary tract development; and early onset of puberty.8 These low-dose experiments are difficult to conduct, in part because BPA is ubiquitous in the environment. [...] Congressional Research Service 3 Bisphenol A (BPA) in Plastics and Possible Human Health Effects the authority of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA),22 section 5(b)(4), "on the basis of its potential for long-term adverse effects on growth, reproduction and development in aquatic species at concentrations similar to those found in the environment." A chemical of concern is "a substance that m [...] The board voted to lower the level of concern for BPA's effects on the mammary gland and on the onset of puberty in females.30 This vote is reflected in the final version of the NTP brief, which was included in the NTP monograph and issued September 3, 2008.31 Thus, the official NTP view is that current levels of human exposure to BPA warrant "some concern" for possible effects on the brain, behav [...] Food and Drug Administration During the week of April 14, 2008, in response to the release of the NTP draft BPA brief, FDA formed an agency-wide task force to review current information regarding BPA in all FDA- 27 HHS, National Toxicology Program, "Expert Panel Report on the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity of Bisphenol A," at [...] In June 2008, FDA asked its Science Board, the advisory board to the FDA Commissioner, to establish a subcommittee to review research on BPA and exposures from food containers, and deliver its findings to the board's annual meeting in the fall.32 On August 14, 2008, FDA published a draft risk assessment of BPA in food contact applications, saying, "FDA has concluded that an adequate margin of safe.
This book serves as a comprehensive resource on toxicants that can be released from food packaging materials and household plastics. Chapters include sources and levels of chemical exposure, known and suspected health effects and the identification of data gaps with recommendations for further research. In addition, regulatory approaches and risk assessment challenges in the United States and Europe are discussed. Chapters cover both the more widely known chemicals that can migrate from food packaging (bisphenol A, perfluorinated chemicals), and household plastics (lead, phthalates, brominated flame retardants), as well as chemicals that are just entering use in food packaging (nanomaterials in polymer food packaging) and chemicals recently identified as migrating from food packaging to food stuffs (phthalates, benzophenones, antimony, methylnaphthalene and the alkylphenols nonylphenol and octylphenol). Chapters on phthalates and brominated flame retardants discuss challenges that arise with the use of replacement chemicals. The health effect sections of chapters have drawn on a wide variety of toxicological endpoints and recommend approaches to better assess toxicological risks in vulnerable human populations. Reflecting the global nature of our food supply and household consumer goods, contributions have been drawn from international experts. A wide range of scientists will find this book to be useful, including toxicologists, environmental health scientists, food scientists, and regulators.
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high production volume endocrine-disrupting chemical present in numerous consumer products. Extensive use of BPA has led to wide-spread contamination in the air, soil, and water, leading to ubiquitous human exposure. Research into BPA has grown exponentially over the past ten years, with numerous modes of action being identified that impact human health and disease development. While BPA has estrogenic effects, emerging literature has identified several non-receptor mediated modes of action, such as epigenetic reprogramming, that can affect the long-term health of the population. This book highlights the multiple modes of action BPA can use to reprogram cells genetically and metabolically. By compiling critical studies in BPA and outlining the connections and disparities in the literature to build a broader understanding of this complex endocrine-disrupting chemical and its impact on the environment and human health, this book is an ideal resource for postgraduates and researchers in a range of disciplines from toxicology to epigenetics and cancer epidemiology.
Written by leading international specialists, this book provides a comprehensive, state-of-the-art overview of endocrine-based female reproductive disorders. Particularly focusing on the Hypothalamus – Pituitary – Ovary (HPO) axis as the main driver of reproduction in women, it discusses amenorrhea; chronic anovulation and polycystic ovary syndrome as the most common dysfunctions of the HPO axis; endocrine diseases as possible impacts on the HPO axis; uterine disorders related to estrogen/progesterone; and the impact of endometriosis and uterine fibroids on reproduction. It also addresses infertility and menopause as hormone-related disorders in women and endocrine changes during pregnancy and lactation, and in breast disorders. The book is intended as a major reference for endocrinologists, gynecologists, and obstetricians, as well as basic and clinical scientists. It is published as part of the SpringerReference program, which provides access to live editions constantly updated through a dynamic peer-review publishing process.
Providing information from the cutting edge of reproductive technology, this full-color atlas vividly illustrates the typical and atypical morphology of human blastocysts collected and cultured during the course of in vitro fertilization treatments. The narrative and the illustrations detail a variety of new reproductive technologies. All photographs are supported by detailed legends and a glossary of terms is included. This atlas is edited by two world-class embryologists both of whom work at the Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility at the Weill Medical College of Cornell University.