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Damage assessment, rehabilitation, decision-making, social consequences, repair and reconstruction; these are all critical factors for considerations following natural disasters such as earthquakes. In order to address these issues, the United States of America and the Peoples Republic of China regularly organize bilateral symposia/workshops to investigate multiple hazard mitigation, particularly with respect to earthquake engineering. This book contains state-of-the-art reports presented by world-renowned researchers at the US/PRC Sympsosium Workshop on Post-Earthquake Rehabilitation and Reconstruction held in Kunming, Yunnan, China, May 1995. The following key areas are addressed: damage assessment of structures after earthquakes; lessons of post-earthquake recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction, including public policy, land use options, urban planning, and design; issues in and examples of decision-making, and implementation of rehabilitation and reconstruction plans and policies; repair, strengthening, retrofit and control of structures and lifeline systems, post-earthquake socio-economic problems covering issues of relief and recovery; human and organizational behavior during emergency response, and strategies for improvement; real-time monitoring of earthquake response and damage.
Post-earthquake recovery and reconstruction can take years or decades after the earthquake itself. This long recovery time is often caused by the shortage of reconstruction resources, such as skilled labor or financing, which impedes the recovery process. Thus, decision-makers and stakeholders, such as local governments and private entities, must decide how the recovery process should proceed while accounting for the limited resources available. Computer simulations and models have been useful for better understanding the recovery process after earthquakes. However, few models have accounted for limited available resources. Therefore, new recovery models and algorithms that decision-makers can use to develop effective post-earthquake recovery strategies are presented here. First, this dissertation introduces a recovery model utilizing queuing theory to simulate the reconstruction time of residential buildings. This stochastic queuing model explicitly accounts for the total number of damaged buildings, the damage distribution, the limited number of reconstruction resources, and the prioritization strategy implemented by the decision-makers. As a result, the model better captures the delays in the post-earthquake recovery process. Long-term data collected after the 2018 Lombok, Indonesia earthquakes were used to calibrate and validate the model, and the results show how the stochastic queuing approach achieves higher accuracy than commonly used recovery frameworks, such as FEMA's HAZUS. Second, this dissertation presents an agent-based model for post-earthquake financing, another critical resource needed for post-earthquake reconstruction. The model incorporates funding from seven different US sources for single-family, owner-occupied homes and demonstrates how different income groups have differing access to these financing sources. A case study of the city of San Jose, California, USA, following a hypothetical M7.0 earthquake, shows that current post-earthquake financing and reconstruction policies in place can result in extreme disparities in recovery outcomes between different income groups. Based on these results, interventions that includes federal funding reforms and a redistribution of labor is presented and evaluated here. The results show how these interventions are necessary to reduce inequalities in recovery outcomes. Last, this dissertation proposes a greedy algorithm to determine the optimal reconstruction of critical buildings, particularly school buildings and healthcare facilities. The algorithm chooses the reconstruction order of damaged buildings that results in the best improvement of a chosen metric. For school buildings, the greedy algorithm minimizes the distances the students would have to travel to the nearest functional school, while also considering the number of times the students would have to transfer and the student-to-classroom ratio. In the case of healthcare facilities, the greedy algorithm minimizes the total time it takes for patients to receive medical care. Case studies of Lombok, Indonesia, and Lima, Peru for, respectively, school buildings and healthcare facilities, demonstrate that the greedy algorithm can achieve better recovery outcomes than currently used reconstruction strategies, such as the common practice of first reconstructing buildings with minor damage. The models and algorithms developed in this dissertation can be leveraged by researchers and decision-makers alike. In addition to providing a better understanding of the long-term effects of earthquakes, both physical and social, the work presented here contributes to the development of effective post-earthquake strategies and policies to reduce post-earthquake inequalities, reduce long-term effects on the community, and ultimately reduce the loss of lives after an earthquake.
Earthquakes come without warming, and often cause massive devastation, resulting not only in the loss of property but also of lives. Many of the survivors suffer from intense and lasting psychological trauma. This book covers the experience of recent earthquakes in India, and what has been learnt (and what we have failed to learn) in the process of managing the aftermath in each case. This includes immediate medical attention, long-term mental health care, and the reconstruction of housing and infrastructure in both rural and urban areas. The experiences of the contributors, many of whom have actively contributed their expertise to disaster management and recovery, help us understand what problems require a swift response and which aspects should be based on detailed analyses keeping in mind local conditions. Reconstruction is seen as offering an opportunity to rebuild society such that all sections of the population are empowered and brought into the community’s decision-making process. It is also an opportunity to develop construction techniques that are suited to local materials and skills but are also more earthquake-resistant than the old. And finally, there is the realisation that the best first responders are local community groups which need to be nurtured, and trained in crisis management and risk mitigation.
This book tackles some of the key questions in the field of Man-made and natural disasters by providing an understanding of the different phases of disaster management and planning, including emergency, preparedness, rehabilitation, mitigation and reconstruction.
Great natural disasters are rare, but their aftermath can change the fortunes of a city or region forever. This book and its companion Policy Focus Report identify lessons from different parts of the world to help communities and government leaders better organize for recovery after future disasters. The authors consider the processes and outcomes of community recovery and reconstruction following major disasters in six countries: China, New Zealand, India, Indonesia, Japan, and the United States. Post-disaster reconstruction offers opportunities to improve construction and design standards, renew infrastructure, create new land use arrangements, reinvent economies, and improve governance. If done well, reconstruction can help break the cycle of disaster-related impacts and losses, and improve the resilience of a city or region.
On Sunday 26 December 2004, a tsunami of up to 30 metres high hit the northern tip of Sumatera in Indonesia, causing immediate destruction and the deaths of at least 130,000 in Indonesia alone. The scale of the devastation and ensuing human suffering prompted the biggest response endeavour to any natural disaster in history.Post-Disaster Reconstruction will be the first major book that analyses the different perspectives and experiences of the enormous post-tsunami reconstruction effort. It looks specifically at the reconstruction efforts in Aceh, one of the regions most heavily-hit by the tsunami and a province that has until recently suffered nearly three decades of armed conflict. Positioning the reconstruction efforts within Aceh's multi-layered historical, cultural, socio-political and religious contexts, the authors explore diverse experiences and assessments of the reconstruction. It considers the importance of the political and religious settings of the reconstruction, the roles of communities and local non-government organisations and the challenges faced by Indonesian and international agencies. From the in-depth examination of this important case study of disaster reconstruction - significant not only because of the huge scale of the natural disaster and response but also the post-conflict issues - the editors draw together the lessons learned for the future of Aceh and make general recommendations for post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction-making.
This monograph focuses on a variety of topics related to reconstruction and restoration in post-tsunami conditions. Aspects such as coastal engineering, early warning systems and technological approaches, urban planning and settlements relocation, socio-economic redevelopment and policy, coastal ecosystems and agricultural redevelopment as well as pollution assessment are included. The reader will benefit from the various case-studies drawn from a number of countries hit by the 2004 tsunami in the Indian Ocean and the Great East Earthquake and Tsunami of March 2011 in Japan. This book will appeal to scientists and scholars, decision makers, students and practitioners interested in post-tsunami reconstruction and restoration processes.