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Alcohol use by young people is extremely dangerous - both to themselves and society at large. Underage alcohol use is associated with traffic fatalities, violence, unsafe sex, suicide, educational failure, and other problem behaviors that diminish the prospects of future success, as well as health risks â€" and the earlier teens start drinking, the greater the danger. Despite these serious concerns, the media continues to make drinking look attractive to youth, and it remains possible and even easy for teenagers to get access to alcohol. Why is this dangerous behavior so pervasive? What can be done to prevent it? What will work and who is responsible for making sure it happens? Reducing Underage Drinking addresses these questions and proposes a new way to combat underage alcohol use. It explores the ways in which may different individuals and groups contribute to the problem and how they can be enlisted to prevent it. Reducing Underage Drinking will serve as both a game plan and a call to arms for anyone with an investment in youth health and safety.
The report provides an overview of alcohol consumption and harms in relation to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (Chapter 1) presents global strategies action plans and monitoring frameworks (Chapter 2) gives detailed information on: the consumption of alcohol in populations (Chapter 3); the health consequences of alcohol consumption (Chapter 4); and policy responses at national level (Chapter 5). In its final chapter 6 the imperative for reducing harmful use of alcohol in a public health perspective is presented. In addition the report contains country profiles for WHO Member States and appendices with statistical annexes a description of the data sources and methods used to produce the estimates and references.
This book examines trends and social disparities in alcohol consumption. It assesses the health, social and economic impacts of key policy options for tackling alcohol-related harms in Canada, the Czech Republic and Germany, extracting policy messages for a broader set of countries.
Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, affecting nearly one in three Americans. It is prevalent in adults and endemic in the older adult population. Hypertension is a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and disability. Although there is a simple test to diagnose hypertension and relatively inexpensive drugs to treat it, the disease is often undiagnosed and uncontrolled. A Population-Based Policy and Systems Change Approach to the Prevention and Control Hypertension identifies a small set of high-priority areas in which public health officials can focus their efforts to accelerate progress in hypertension reduction and control. It offers several recommendations that embody a population-based approach grounded in the principles of measurement, system change, and accountability. The recommendations are designed to shift current hypertension reduction strategies from an individual-based approach to a population-based approach. They are also designed to improve the quality of care provided to individuals with hypertension and to strengthen the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's leadership in seeking a reduction in the sodium intake in the American diet to meet dietary guidelines. The book is an important resource for federal public health officials and organizations, especially the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as medical professionals and community health workers.
From a public health perspective, alcohol is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality, and impacts on many aspects of social life. This text describes advances in alcohol research with direct relevance to the development of effective policies at local, national and international level.
A two-volume handbook that explores the theories and practice of correctional psychology With contributions from an international panel of experts in the field, The Wiley International Handbook of Correctional Psychology offers a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the most relevant topics concerning the practice of psychology in correctional systems. The contributors explore the theoretical, professional and practical issues that are pertinent to correctional psychologists and other professionals in relevant fields. The Handbook explores the foundations of correctional psychology and contains information on the history of the profession, the roles of psychology in a correctional setting and examines the implementation and evaluation of various interventions. It also covers a range of topics including psychological assessment in prisons, specific treatments and modalities as well as community interventions. This important handbook: Offers the most comprehensive coverage on the topic of correctional psychology Contains contributions from leading experts from New Zealand, Australia, Europe, and North America Includes information on interventions and assessments in both community and imprisonment settings Presents chapters that explore contemporary issues and recent developments in the field Written for correctional psychologists, academics and students in correctional psychology and members of allied professional disciplines, The Wiley International Handbook of Correctional Psychology provides in-depth coverage of the most important elements of the field.
CONTEXT: Excessive alcohol consumption increases risks for numerous chronic diseases, injuries, disabilities, mortality, and for a host of social and interpersonal problems. Many drinkers who do not meet diagnostic criteria for alcohol use disorders nonetheless consume alcohol at levels or in patterns that increase the risks of negative health and social consequences. Primary health care visits offer opportunities to identify and briefly intervene with these drinkers to reduce their consumption below at-risk levels and patterns. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review evidence for the efficacy of brief behavioral counseling interventions conducted in primary care settings to reduce risky/harmful alcohol consumption or patterns, and to link this evidence to results from other systematic reviews of alcohol screening in primary care populations. DATA SOURCES: We searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Database of Research Effectiveness (DARE) (2001, issues 2 and 3; 2002 issue 1), using an inclusive search strategy (alcohol* or drink*) to identify recent, high-quality, English-language systematic reviews of primary care interventions to reduce risky/harmful alcohol use. We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Controlled Clinical Trials, PsychInfo, HealthSTAR, and CINAHL databases from 1994 through April 2002, using a similarly inclusive search strategy. We also retrieved all recent systematic reviews of screening for alcohol disorders in primary care and all relevant screening and intervention literature reviewed in the 1996 Guide to Clinical Preventive Services or included in other systematic reviews of brief alcohol interventions for risky/harmful use. STUDY SELECTION: We identified 12 controlled alcohol intervention trials conducted with general adult patients, 3 with pregnant women, and 1 with adolescents that took place in primary care settings and were of good or fair internal validity according to US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: Data elements were abstracted on standardized forms and included information about the setting, study design, participant inclusion and exclusion criteria, randomization process (if applicable), size and composition of study groups, intervention components (rationale, behavioral techniques, length and number of sessions, provider), follow-up period(s), loss to followup, and alcohol consumption and other outcomes. DATA SYNTHESIS: Good evidence supports the efficacy of brief, multi-contact primary care interventions for risky/harmful alcohol use in primary care patients identified through screening and screening-related assessment of at-risk drinking and alcohol use disorders. Patients in these trials underwent screening to identify those possibly in need of alcohol misuse intervention in primary care or elsewhere, followed by screening-related clinical assessment to qualify patients appropriate for primary care-based intervention or for referral to specialty treatment of abuse/dependence. Patients were screened generally using standardized self-report instruments alone (e.g., AUDIT), or in combination, (e.g., CAGE with standardized quantity and frequency questions) that have been found to be valid in primary care populations. After primary care brief, multi-contact interventions, patients reduced average drinks per week by 13%-34% and increased the proportion drinking at moderate or safe levels by 10%-19% compared with controls. Similar population-level reductions in average alcohol consumption have been projected to reduce the prevalence of alcohol abuse/dependence by 3%, while use of alcohol within safe/recommended levels has been epidemiologically related to reduced short-term (e.g., injuries, alcohol-related problems) and long-term (e.g., cirrhosis, total mortality) health risks. CONCLUSIONS: Brief, multi-contact behavioral counseling interventions among adult primary care patients are feasible and potentially highly effective components of an overall public health approach to reducing alcohol misuse. Future research should focus on developing implementation strategies that facilitate the adoption of these practices as a regular part of routine health care. Additional research is needed to develop effective interventions among sub-populations such as pregnant women, ethnic minorities, and adolescents.