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Definitions of what is meant by a heat-resistant polymer vary considerably. We have taken the term to mean a polymer which can be used, at least for short time periods, at temperatures from 150°C. The greatest problem which arises in writing a monograph on such materials is the tremendous amount of data that is available. More than 2000 references have been published on one heat-resistant polymer system alone over a period of little more than two years. The result is that a very high degree of selectivity must be exercised with respect to the information reproduced. We have chosen to restrict our coverage to polymers that have received at least some degree of commercial exploitation and to details of their methods of preparation, their thermal and thermo-oxidative stabilities and modes of degradation, and their properties at elevated temperatures. It must be emphasized that other properties not cited, e. g. , hydrolytic and chemical stability, and resistance to ultraviolet radiation, may be equally important in particular uses of these materials. The "older" heat-resistant polymers, e. g. , the thermosets and some of the fluorine-containing materials, are not dealt with in such depth as are the "newer" polymers with aromatic and/or heterocyclic rings in the chain. This is because books have been available for some time on the well-established commercial polymers and developments in them have not been as marked re cently as in the aromatic and heterocyclic macromolecules.
A symposium titled "Polyphosphazenes in Biomedicine, Engineering & Pioneering Synthesis" was held at a recent meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS) in August 2017 in Washington, DC. The chapters in this book provide a summary of the international contributions reported at that meeting, the purpose of which was to bring together a broad range of topics, research investigators, and representatives from industry to discuss the current status of different aspects of this field.
Brings together, analyzes, and contextualizes the latest findings and practical applications Polyphosphazenes, an emerging class of polymers, include macromolecules, which have been proven to be biocompatible, biodegradable, and bioactive. Their unprecedented structural diversity and unique properties make them suitable as vaccine adjuvants, microencapsulating agents, biodegradable materials, scaffolds for tissue engineering, biocompatible coatings, and carriers for gene delivery. Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications offers a thorough review of polyphosphazene research findings in the life sciences, chemistry, and chemical engineering. It emphasizes biomedical applications as well as recent advances in polyphosphazene development such as high-throughput discovery and the latest controlled methods of synthesis. The book brings together, analyzes, and contextualizes a wealth of knowledge that previously could only be found scattered throughout the scientific literature. Following two introductory chapters, the book reviews: Vaccine delivery and immunomodulation Biomaterials Drug delivery systems Biodetection Well-defined polyphosphazenes: synthetic aspects and novel molecular architectures All the chapters have been written by leading researchers in the field. Editor Alexander Andrianov, who has led the effort to commercialize polyphosphazenes for biomedical applications, has carefully reviewed and edited all chapters to ensure readability, accuracy, and thoroughness. Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications is not only intended for researchers working in polyphosphazene chemistry, but also for all researchers seeking solutions to problems arising in the areas of biomaterials, drug delivery systems, and controlled release formulations.
Polymers continue to play an ever increasing role in the modern world. In fact it is quite inconceivable to most people that we could ever have existed of the increased volume and variety of materials without them. As a result currently available, and the diversity of their application, characterisation has become an essential requirement of industrial and academic laboratories in volved with polymeric materials. On the one hand requirements may come from polymer specialists involved in the design and synthesis of new materials who require a detailed understanding of the relationship between the precise molecular architecture and the properties of the polymer in order to improve its capabilities and range of applications. On the other hand, many analysts who are not polymer specialists are faced with the problems of analysing and testing a wide range of polymeric materials for quality control or material specification purposes. We hope this book will be a useful reference for all scientists and techno or industrial laboratories, logists involved with polymers, whether in academic and irrespective of their scientific discipline. We have attempted to include in one volume all of the most important techniques. Obviously it is not possible to do this in any great depth but we have encouraged the use of specific examples to illustrate the range of possibilities. In addition numerous references are given to more detailed texts on specific subjects, to direct the reader where appropriate. The book is divided into II chapters.
1. T. Takata, N. Kihara, Y. Furusho: Polyrotaxanes and Polycatenanes: Recent Advances in Syntheses and Applications of Polymers Comprising of Interlocked Structures.- 2. M. Suginome, Y. Ito: Transition Metal-Mediated Polymerization of Isocyanides.- 3. K. Osakada, D. Takeuchi: Coordination Polymerization of Dienes, Allenes and Methylenecycloalkanes.
This book presents a broad, general introduction to the processing of Sol-Gel technologies. This updated volume serves as a general handbook for researchers and students entering the field. This new edition provides updates in fields that have undergone rapid developments, such as Ceramics, Catalysis, Chromatropgraphy, biomaterials, glass science, and optics. It provides a simple, compact resource that can also be used in graduate-level materials science courses.
Among the various new directions in modern polymer science, the design and investigation of liquid crystal (LC) polymers have been the ones growing most actively and fruitfully. In spite of that, the possible formation of an anisotropic LC phase was only demonstrated theoretically for the first time in the 1950s by Onsager [1] and Flory [2], and then experimentally verified in the studies with polypeptides solutions. In essence, the studies of these LC lyotropic systems did not deviate from the theme of purely academic interest. It was at the beginning of the 1970s that the experimental "explosion" occurred, when aromatic polyamides were synthesized and their ability to form LC solutions in certain very aggressive solvents was discovered. The search for practical applications of such LC systems was crowned with the successful creation of the new generation of ultrastrong high-modulus ther mostable fibers, such as the Kevlar, due to the high degree of order of the macromolecules in the anisotropic LC state. In fact, these investigations coincided with the swift emergence on the practical "scene" of thermotropic low-molar-mass liquid crystals, with the use of these materials in microelectronics and electro optics (figures and let ters indicators, displays in personal computers, and flat TV, etc.). Polymer scientists also began to develop methods of synthesizing thermotropic LC polymers by incorporating mesogenic fragments in the main (main-chain LC polymers) or side branchings of the macromolecules (side-chain or comb shaped polymers).
Polyphosphazenes are polymers containing nitrogen as part of their backbone; they are commonly used in O-rings, pipelines, and seals in oil, fuel delivery, and storage systems. New polyphosphazene derivatives have been proven biocompatible, biodegradable, and bioactive, and some of them are being investigated for possible medical applications. Harry Allcock’s Chemistry and Applications of Polyphosphazenes provides the only published compilation of material on polyphosphazenes, detailing synthetic methodologies and physical properties for each substance. Allcock explains the critical relationships between structure and properties, aiding the practicing researcher in the design of polyphosphazenes with specific applications. Professionals and students in polymer science, engineering, and industries such as rubbers and plastics will find Chemistry and Applications of Polyphosphazenes to be an invaluable text.