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Fatigue cracks were grown in compact tension specimens of polymethylmethacrylate, a transparent polymer which was used as a model for metals. Various peak overloads applied to the constant DeltaK baselines used produced changes in the baseline load crack growth rates. A study of the monochromatic light interference fringe patterns emanating from the fatigue cracks at zero load indicated that the crack surface were closed along the saw cut edge and on the free surface of the specimens. The crack surfaces were displaced in the interior of the specimen at zero load. Measurement of the crack opening displacements from the fringe patterns indicated that the crack surfaces opened on the free surface at approximately half the baseline load level for a stress ratio of approximately zero. This is in agreement with the Elber crack closure concept.
This book surveys experiences made with Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) dialysis membranes, ranging from a summary of the most recent experimental and clinical results to an overview of future potentials and new trends in research. Several articles treat the biophysical properties of the membrane, its chemical structure and manufacturing procedures aimed at obtaining hollow fibers suitable for medical purposes. Moreover, various experimental conditions are considered in order to identify the dialytic properties of the PMMA membrane and dialyzer series. In this context, particular emphasis is put on the last generation of PMMA membranes with higher porosity and ultrafiltration capacity. On the more practical side, an overview is given of various clinical conditions in which PMMA membranes are utilized at variable rates of ultrafiltration, blood and dialysate flows. The bio- or hemocompatibility of PMMA membranes is investigated, offering a summary of the blood-membrane interactions during hemodialysis. Furthermore, the importance of these aspects in relation to the chronic dialyzed and the acutely ill patients is highlighted, as well as long-term experiences made with different PMMA membranes. For those interested in the last developments and clinical results achieved with synthetic membranes, this book provides a substantial piece of information valuable either for further research or daily clinical practice.
Lasers continue to be an amazingly robust field of activity. Anyone seeking a photon source is now confronted with an enormous number of possible lasers and laser wavelengths to choose from, but no single, comprehensive source to help them make that choice. The Handbook of Lasers provides an authoritative compilation of lasers, their properties, and original references in a readily accessible form. Organized by lasing media-solids, liquids, and gases-each section is subdivided into distinct laser types. Each type carries a brief description, followed by tables listing the lasing element or medium, host, lasing transition and wavelength, operating properties, primary literature citations, and, for broadband lasers, reported tuning ranges. The importance and value of the Handbook of Lasers cannot be overstated. Serving as both an archive and as an indicator of emerging trends, it reflects the state of knowledge and development in the field, provides a rapid means of obtaining reference data, and offers a pathway to the literature. It contains data useful for comparison with predictions and for developing models of processes, and may reveal fundamental inconsistencies or conflicts in the data.
"This book of contributed chapters will provide the resources necessary for processing, characterization and manufacturing using lightweight materials across the globe, offering recent advances in the field of light weight material usage and its recent developments"--
This book provides an in depth and unparalleled presentation of the compositions of virtually all polymer blends.
Degradation of Polymers
Handbook of Polymers, Third Edition represents an update on available data, including new values for many commercially available products, verification of existing data, and removal of older data where it is no longer useful. Polymers selected for this edition include all primary polymeric materials used by the plastics and chemical industries and specialty polymers used in the electronics, pharmaceutical, medical and aerospace fields, with extensive information also provided on biopolymers. The book includes data on all polymeric materials used by the plastics industry and branches of the chemical industry, as well as specialty polymers in the electronics, pharmaceutical, medical and space fields. The entire scope of the data is divided into sections to make data comparison and search easy, including synthesis, physical, mechanical, and rheological properties, chemical resistance, toxicity, environmental impact, and more. Provides key data on all primary polymeric materials used in a wide range of industries and applications Presents easy-to-access data divided into sections, making comparisons and search simple and intuitive Includes data on general properties, history, synthesis, structure, physical properties, mechanical properties, chemical resistance, flammability, weather stability, toxicity, and more
A comprehensive collection of professionally validated comparative data, on the most widely used plastics materials. The Plastics Compendium covers thermoplastics, thermosets, composites and thermoplastic elastomers. Volume 1 of The Plastics Compendium contains clearly presented data on 351 generic and modified material types, in the following main sections property and commercial data sheets, an alphabetical trade name index, a listing of suppliers' (or their agents'), and a detailed alphabetical index to the materials for which data are listed.