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Sediment is the most widespread pollutant of streams and rivers in North Carolina. Construction sites are a source of accelerated erosion contributing to the sediment problem. This study was conducted to determine if the application of polyacrylamide (PAM) to soil surfaces on construction sites reduces erosion and turbidity. Polyacrylamide has been demonstrated to greatly reduce erosion in furrow irrigation, and there is limited evidence it controls erosion when applied to bare soil. Two PAM products applied at manufacturers recommended rates (11.2 and 1.68 kg ha-1) and one half the recommended rates (5.6 and 0.84 kg ha-1) with and without grass seeding and mulching were tested on three North Carolina Department of Transportation construction sites in Raleigh and near Fayetteville. Runoff volumes, turbidity levels, and eroded sediment data were collected after natural rain events. On a 2:1 cut slope, turbidity and sediment loss were significantly decreased with application of seed/mulch. Erosion rates were 20 times greater on bare soil after seven rain events, with or without PAM, compared to treatments receiving seed/mulch. Polyacrylamide applied with seed/mulch produced slight reductions in turbidity and sediment loss in early rain events. At the higher rate, PAM applied directly on a more moderate, 4:1 fill slope decreased sediment loss and turbidity in the first few rain events following application compared to bare soil, with decreases diminishing over time. A sandy fill slope had inconsistent results between PAM treatments but reductions in turbidity and sediment from seed/mulch applications.
Keywords: erosion, polyacrylamide (PAM), sediment, turbidity.
Vol. 25, no. 1 contains the society's Lincoln Chapter's Resource conservation glossary.
"In the United States it is estimated that 75 percent of all roads are low volume roads maintained by some 35,000 local agencies. Low volume roads often omit surface slope protection, and this can lead to slope failure, erosion, and maintenance, safety, and ecological issues. This report presents information on cost effective and sustainable road slope stabilization techniques, with a focus on shallow or near surface slope stabilization and related erosion control methods used on low volume roads. To fully address this topic, planning and site investigation are discussed, as well as erosion control techniques, soil bioengineering and biotechnical techniques, mechanical stabilization, and earthwork techniques. Information presented in this report was obtained through an extensive literature review, and from survey and interview responses. From the survey responses, 30 individuals were interviewed based on the information they made available in the survey. A total of 25 interviews were conducted over the phone, and in two cases written responses were received"--Preface.
This manual comprises a holistic view of urban runoff quality management. For the beginner, who has little previous exposure to urban runoff quality management, the manual covers the entire subject area from sources and effects of pollutants in urban runoff through the development of management plans and the design of controls. For the municipal stormwater management agency, guidance is given for developing a water quality management plan that takes into account receiving water use objectives, local climatology, regulation, financing and cost, and procedures for comparing various types of controls for suitability and cost effectiveness in a particular area. This guidance will also assist owners of large-scale urban development projects in cost-effectively and aesthetically integrating water quality control to the drainage plan. The manual is also directed to designers who desire a self-contained unit that discusses the design of specific quality controls for urban runoff.
This book offers a comprehensive review of the latest advances in developing functional electrospun nanofibers for energy and environmental applications, which include fuel cells, lithium-ion batteries, solar cells, supercapacitors, energy storage materials, sensors, filtration materials, protective clothing, catalysis, structurally-colored fibers, oil spill cleanup, self-cleaning materials, adsorbents, and electromagnetic shielding. This book is aimed at both newcomers and experienced researchers in the field of nanomaterials, especially those who are interested in addressing energy-related and environmental problems with the help of electrospun nanofibers. Bin Ding, PhD, and Jianyong Yu, PhD, are both Professors at the College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, China.