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The value of the groceries purchases in the USA is over $500 billion annually, most of which is accounted for by packaged foods. Plastic packaging of foods is not only ubiquitous in developed economies, but increasingly commonplace in the developing world, where plastic packaging is instrumental in decreasing the proportion of the food supply lost to spoilage. This new handbook is a combination of new material and updated chapters, chosen by Dr. Sina Ebnesajjad, from recently published books on this subject. Plastic Films in Food Packaging offers a practical handbook for engineers, scientists and managers working in the food packaging industry, providing a tailor-made package of science and engineering fundamentals, best practice techniques and guidance on new and emerging technologies. By covering materials, design, packaging processes, machinery and waste management together in one book, the authors enable the reader to take a lifecycle approach to food packaging. The Handbook addresses questions related to film grades, types of packages for different types of foods, packaging technologies, machinery and waste management. Additionally the book provides a review of new and emerging technologies. Two chapters cover the development of barrier films for food packaging and the regulatory and safety aspects of food packaging. - Essential information and practical guidance for engineers and scientists working at all stages of the food packaging lifecycle: from design through manufacture to recycling - Includes key published material on plastic films in food packaging, updated specifically for this Handbook, and new material on the regulatory framework and safety aspects - Coverage of materials and applications together in one handbook enables engineers and scientists to make informed design and manufacturing decisions
This is a complete illustrated guide and reference to today's plastic films for packaging. All significant aspects of plastic films for packaging are clearly and concisely presented: from materials, processes and machinery to applications and regulatory, social and economic considerations. More than 70 schematics illustrate materials, processes and
Preface -- 1. Introduction to Plastics and Polymers -- 2. Chapter 2 - Introduction to the Mechanical, Thermal and Permeation Properties of Plastics and Elastomers -- 3. Production of films -- 4. Markets and Applications for films -- 5. Styrenic Plastics -- 6. Polyesters -- 8. Polyamides (Nylons) -- 9. Polyolefins -- 10. Polyvinyls & Acrylics -- 11. Fluoropolymers -- 12. High Temperature/High Performance Polymers -- 13. Elastomers and rubbers -- 14. Renewable Resource or biodegradable polymers -- Appendices -- Permeation Unit Conversion Factors -- Vapor Transmission rate Conversion factors.
Plastic films are high-performance materials which play an essential part in modern life. The plastics films industry uses state-of-the-art manufacturing processes and is continuously seeking out new technologies to improve its performance. The understanding of the nature of plastic films, their production techniques, applications and their characterisation is essential for producing new types of plastic films. This handbook has been written to discuss the production and main uses of plastic films. Plastic films are high-performance materials which play an essential part in modern life. Plastic films are mostly used in packaging applications but as will be seen from this book they are also used in the agricultural, medical and engineering fields. The plastics films industry uses state-of-the-art manufacturing processes and is continuously seeking out new technologies to improve its performance. The understanding of the nature of plastic films, their production techniques, applications and their characterisation is essential for producing new types of plastic films. This handbook has been written to discuss the production and main uses of plastic films.
Compostable Polymer Materials, Second Edition, deals with the environmentally important family of polymers designed to be disposed of in industrial and municipal compost facilities after their useful life. These compostable plastics undergo degradation and leave no visible, distinguishable, or toxic residue. Environmental concerns and legislative measures taken in different regions of the world make composting an increasingly attractive route for the disposal of redundant polymers.This book covers the entire spectrum of preparation, degradation, and evironmental issues related to compostable polymers. It emphasizes recent studies concerning compostability and ecotoxilogical assessment of polymer materials. It descibes the thermal behavior, including flammability properties, of compostable polymers. It also explores possible routes of compostable polymers waste disposal through an ecological lens. Finally, the book examines the economic factors at work, including price evolution over the past decade, the current market, and future perspectives. Compostable Polymer Materials is an essential resource for graduate students and scientists working in chemistry, materials science, ecology, and environmental science. - Provides a comprehensive study of the composting process - Details methods of compostable polymers preparation, including properties, processing and applications - Presents the state-of-the-art knowledge on ecotoxicity testing and biodegradation under real composting conditions of compostable polymers, as well as biodegradation in various environments, such as marine environments and anaerobic conditions - Discusses the evolution of waste management in Europe and the United States, as well as the status of MSW disposal and treatment methods in countries such as China and Brazil - Overviews biodegradation studies under real composting conditions of products made of compostable polymers, e.g. bags, bottles, cutletry - Analyzes evolution of market development, including price of compostable polymers during the last decade
Flexible films are defined as being planar forms of plastics, which may be thick enough to be self-supporting but thin enough to be flexed, folded and/or creased without cracking. Films comprise around 25 per cent of all plastics used worldwide, around 40 million tons, and are thus a massive market sector. Commodity plastics dominate, with polyethylene and polypropylene together accounting for around 34 million tons. This is an expanding area with increased demand each year particularly in the developing regions of the world and with a move from rigid to flexible packaging. There are many material types used in films from single layer polymers to multilayer structures with tie layers and copolymers. Multilayers permit custom adaptation of material properties from barrier to strength. Technology, such as the orientation of polypropylene, has produced better properties and more valuable materials. High performance plastics are also being used in applications such as telectronics. There are details of the main suppliers including mergers and capacity. coextrusion, casting, extrusion coating, extrusion laminating and metallising. Blown extrusion was the first process used to make films of polyethylene. These processes have advantages and disadvantages depending on the material type in use, the width and thickness of film required. Films are mainly used in packaging for foodstuffs, but there are also substantial market segments for medical, electronic, automotive and construction applications. Specific applications include decorative wrap, form-fill-seal, blood bags, flexible printed circuits, bed sheeting, diapers, and in-mould decorating of car parts (to replace painting and provide a more durable surface coating). Carrier bags and garbage bags are big markets, with imports to Europe; there are environmental concerns about the use of plastic bags and these are discussed in the report. geomembranes and similar applications. PE and PP are the main materials used in packaging films. PET is primarily used in magnetics, optics and telectronics. PVC is found in consumer goods and medical applications, while PVB is mainly used in automotive and construction applications as glazing protection. Multimaterial films account for around 7 million tons of the films produced, with around 95 per cent of this going into packaging applications. These are just some of the examples listed in this market report. Europe and North America each account for about 30 per cent of the total world consumption of plastic films. The plastic films supply structure and individual company information are summarised in the second half of this market report on Plastic Films in Europe and the Rest of the World.
Plastic Films, HDPE and Thermoset Plastics are now an accepted part of the industrial and domestic scenes but this growth has been comparatively recent. Plastic films are typically used for sealing food items in containers to keep them fresh over a longer period of time. Plastic wrap, typically sold on rolls in boxes with a cutting edge, clings to many smooth surfaces and can thus remain tight over the opening of a container without adhesive or other devices. The past several years have seen numerous plastic films developed for the packaging industry, the most used today being polyethylene. Cast polypropylene film, like polyethylene film is unoriented (not stretched), but it was found that an improved film could be obtained by orientation (stretching the cast in one or more directions). Biaxial orientation is the process whereby the continuous cast film or sheet of plastic is heated up to brings it to a temperature that makes it stretchable. BOPP film possesses superior tensile strength, flexibility, toughness, shrink ability, good barrier and optical characteristics. The use of polyethylene terephthalate film is increasing considerably in recent years in videos audio magnetic tapes, computer tapes, photo and X ray films, power capacitors, insulation tapes and metalling for artificial zari. High density polyethylene (HDPE) or polyethylene high density (PEHD) is a polyethylene thermoplastic made from petroleum. The major applications of HDPE are in the manufacturing of containers, pipes, house wares, toys, filament, woven sacks, film, wire and cable insulation. HDPE is lighter than water, and can be moulded, machined, and joined together using welding (difficult to glue). Thermoset, or thermosetting plastics are synthetic materials that strengthen during being heated, but cannot be successfully remolded or reheated after their initial heat forming. This is in contrast to thermoplastics, which soften when heated and harden and strengthen after cooling. Thermoplastics can be heated, shaped and cooled as often as necessary without causing a chemical change, while thermosetting plastics will burn when heated after the initial molding. Additionally, thermoplastics tend to be easier to mold than thermosetting plastics, which also take a longer time to produce (due to the time it takes to cure the heated material). Some of the astonishing fundamentals of the book are salient features of contemporary, technology and current research, three basic processes: advances, modern polyethylene, processes using high yield catalysts, solution polymerization processes, polyolefins, low density polyethylene, polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol, physical and chemical properties, manufacturing methods, extrusion of film, slit die extrusion (flat film extrusion), comparison of blow and cast film processes, water cooled polypropylene film, calendaring, solvent, casting, casting of regenerated cellulose film, orientation of film, expanded films, plastics net from film, unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester resins, thermoset polyurethanes, guidelines and theories in compounding polyurethane elastomers, compounding for thermoset polyurethane elastomers, cellulose and cellulose derivatives, thermoplastic polymers etc. The present books offer an up to date overview of the processing of plastic films, HDPE and thermoset plastics. This book is suitable for entrepreneurs, researchers, professionals, technical institutions etc. TAGS Volatiles From Plastic Manufacturing Process, Production of Plastic Films, Plastic Manufacturing Process, Plastic Extrusion and Manufacturing Process, Plastic Extrusion Process, Plastic Film Manufacturing, Production Process of Plastic Film, Plastic Film and Extrusion Equipment, Thermoset Plastic Manufacturing Process, Plastic Film Manufacture, Production of Plastic Films, Process for Production of Plastic Films, Plastic Films Production, Plastic Film Manufacturing Business Plan, Business Plan on Plastic Film Manufacturing, Starting Plastic Film Manufacturing Business, Profitable Plastic Film Manufacturing Business, Start Small Plastic Film Manufacturing Business, High Density (HDPE) Production, High Density Polyethylene Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Process for HDPE, HDPE/PP Bags Manufacturing Plant, Thermoset Processing, Plastic Manufacturing Methods, Thermoplastic Processing Methods, How are Thermosetting Plastics Made, Methods of Manufacturing Thermoplastic, Thermosetting Plastics, Manufacturing Process of Thermosetting Plastics, Business Plan on Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing, Starting Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing Business, Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing Business, Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing Business Plan, How to Start Thermosetting Plastics Manufacturing Industry, Thermoplastic and Thermoset Processing Methods, BOPP Film Production Line, BOPP Film Production, Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene Films, Bopp Film Manufacturing Process, Bopp Film Plant, Biaxially Oriented Film Production, BOPP Film Production Plant, Extrusion of Film, Water Cooled Polypropylene Film, Plastics Net From Film, Pouch Making Equipment, Sachet Making Machines, Process for Manufacturing Unsaturated Polyester Resins, Unsaturated Polyester Resin Manufacturing Process, Method of Preparation of Unsaturated Polyester Resins, Manufacturing Process of Unsaturated Polyester Resin, Unsaturated Polyester Resin Manufacturing Plant, Method for Preparation of MDI Prepolymers, Styrene Polymers and Copolymers, Thermoplastic Polymers, Polymerization Methods, Methods of Polymerization, Cross linked Polymers, Thermoset Polyester, Polyurethane Elastomers, Polyimides Ladder Polymers, Reinforced Thermoset Processing, Thermoplastic Processing, Process of Bag Manufacturing, Bag Manufacturing Process, Production Process of Bag, Bag Manufacture, Sack Manufacture, Sack Manufacturing Process, Manufacturing Plant of Sacks, Business Plan on Manufacturing Sacks, Bags Made from Tubular Film, Bags Made From Flat Film, Heavy Duty Sack Manufacture, Methods of Thermoforming, Lamination, Curtain Coating, Extrusion Coating, Adhesive Lamination, Wet Bonding, Dry Bonding, Cross Laminated Film, NPCS, Niir, Process Technology Books, Business Consultancy, Business Consultant, Project Identification and Selection, Preparation of Project Profiles, Startup, Business Guidance, Business Guidance to Clients, Startup Project, Startup Ideas, Project for Startups, Startup Project Plan, Business Start-Up, Business Plan for Startup Business, Great Opportunity for Startup, Small Start-Up Business Project, Best Small and Cottage Scale Industries, Startup India, Stand Up India, Small Scale Industries, New Small Scale Ideas for BOPP Film Production, High Density (HDPE) Production Business Ideas You Can Start on Your Own, Small Scale Plastic Film Manufacturing, Guide to Starting and Operating Small Business, Business Ideas for Unsaturated Polyester Resin Manufacturing, How to Start Volatiles from Plastic Manufacturing Business, Starting Adhesive Lamination, Start Your Own Plastic Film Manufacturing Business, Sack Manufacturing Business Plan, Business Plan for Bag Production, Small Scale Industries in India, Volatiles from Plastic Manufacturing Based Small Business Ideas in India, Small Scale Industry You Can Start on Your Own, Business Plan for Small Scale Industries, Set Up Sack Manufacturing, Profitable Small Scale Manufacturing, How to Start Small Business in India, Free Manufacturing Business Plans, Small and Medium Scale Manufacturing, Profitable Small Business Industries Ideas, Business Ideas for Startup
Tough plastic films can be made by dropping a plastic solution on the surface of water or by covering a glass plate with the solution. Laminated films can be made combining the qualities of two or more plastics. Properties and techniques of preparation of such films are discussed. Plastic materials investigated are Formvar E, Zapon, and polystyrene.
Written to assist anyone who works with webs, this is a handbook for diagnosing and correcting problems with web handling technology. Covering web handling fundamentals, process related technologies, and troubleshooting, it includes sufficient technical information to identify and correct defects in rolls of film or foil. Readers will appreciate this unbiased look at web handling that also serves as a counterpoint to information from equipment suppliers. Topics include web stability, tension isolation, web spreading, static generation, slitting technology, shear knife technology, trim disposal, wrinkle problems, boundary air entrapment problems, and winding and unwinding technology.