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Plasma-furnace technology was first applied in Africa in the mid- to late 1970s, when it was realized that advantages could be obtained in the processing of fines for the production of ferro-alloys. A number of processes have been implemented on an industrial scale, including the four 105 MVA ilmenite-smelting furnaces (AC transferred-arc) at Richards Bay Minerals, the 40 MVA ferrochromium furnace (DC transferred-arc) at Palmiet Ferrochrome, Krugersdorp, and the 11 MVA ferromanganese 'boot' furnace (DC transferred-arc) at Metalloys, Meyerton. Well-developed plasma-furnace research facilities are in place in South Africa, and include the 3,2 MVA DC transferred-arc plasma furnace at Mintek, Randburg. This paper highlights some of the applications of plasma technology to a variety of ores, minerals, concentrates, metals, and chemicals. The development of successfully-implemented plasma systems is described, as well as the problems that have been experienced with some of the less-successful activities.
Low temperature plasma in medicine is a new field that rose from the research in the application of cold plasmas in bioengineering. Plasma medicine is an innovative and promising multidisciplinary novel field of research covering plasma physics, life sciences, and clinical medicine to apply physical plasma for therapeutic applications. Emerging Developments and Applications of Low Temperature Plasma explores all areas of experimental, computational, and theoretical study of low temperature and atmospheric plasmas and provides a collection of exciting new research on the fundamental aspects of low temperature and pressure plasmas and their applications. Covering topics such as carbon nanotubes, foodborne pathogens, and plasma formation, this book is an essential resource for research groups, plasma-based industries, plasma aerodynamics industries, metal and cutlery industries, medical institutions, researchers, and academicians.
This book highlights plasma science and technology-related research and development work at institutes and universities networked through Asian African Association for Plasma Training (AAAPT) which was established in 1988. The AAAPT, with 52 member institutes in 24 countries, promotes the initiation and intensification of plasma research and development through cooperation and technology sharing. With 13 chapters on fusion-relevant, laboratory and industrial plasmas for wide range of applications and basic research and a chapter on AAAPT network, it demonstrates how, with collaborations, high-quality, industrially relevant academic and scientific research on fusion, industrial and laboratory plasmas and plasma diagnostics can be successfully pursued in small research labs. These plasma sciences and technologies include pioneering breakthroughs and applications in (i) fusion relevant research in the quest for long-term, clean energy source development using high-temperature, high- density plasmas and (ii) multibillion-dollar, low-temperature, non-equilibrium and thermal industrial plasmas used in processing, synthesis and electronics.
Chemistry for Sustainable Development in Africa gives an insight into current Chemical research in Africa. It is edited and written by distinguished African scientists and includes contributions from Chemists from Northern, Southern, Western, Eastern, Central and Island state African Countries. The core themes embrace the most pressing issues of our time, including Environmental Chemistry, Renewable Energies, Health and Human Well-Being, Food and Nutrition, and Bioprospecting and Commercial Development. This book is invaluable for teaching and research institutes in Africa and worldwide, private sector entities dealing with natural products from Africa, as well as policy and decision-making bodies and non-governmental organizations.
Although South Africa is blessed with considerable reserves of chromite ore, as much as 70 per cent of the ore as mined occurs in the form of fines. The conventional submerged-arc furnace operation for the production of ferro-chromium requires the agglomeration of fines for stable and efficient furnace performance. Good-quality coke and coal are not readily available, and there is likely to be a scarcity of these carbonaceous products in the future. The submerged-arc furnace has in all probability reached a plateau as far as developments to improve its efficiency are concerned. This factor, together with the knowledge that the future of the ferrochromium industry depended on the utilization of the vast reserves of fine ore mined in the Transvaal, prompted Middelburg Steel & Alloys (MS&A), with Mintek's assistance, to embark on a programme to build an ASEA 16 MVA furnace at its Krugersdorp works. The design of the furnace is based on the transferred-arc concept using hollow graphite electrodes, which was developed by ASEA for the d.c.-arc Elred process. The furnace has been used successfully for the melting of ferrochromium fines and the smelting of chromite (including the co-melting of alloy fines), and has the advantage of producing ferrochromium with very low residual elements, which is much sought after by speciality steelmakers. The encouraging results obtained since the commissioning of the facility in 1983, particularly in the recoveries of chromium, have confirmed MS&A's faith in the process, and future developments will be aimed at reducing the energy requirements through the preheating or prereduction of fines by, for example, fluidized-bed technology.