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The world trade of plants and plant products is gradually increasing in both quantity and variety. Also, as more and more citizens are nowadays travelling to distant destinations, there is an increased risk of unintentionally importing harmful organisms and invasive species. Governments respond to increased phytosanitary risks by imposing trade-restricting measures. However, they are under increasing pressure of the private sector and the World Trade Organization to justify costly and trade-restricting phytosanitary policies. On the other side, current phytosanitary policies are required to account for impacts on the environment. This book presents a number of recent scientific developments regarding the economic analysis of impacts that harmful organisms have on agriculture and the environment, and of measures to control these organisms. It also contains a number of new approaches that integrate economic and epidemiological modelling and economic approaches for measuring these impacts.
Mediterranean and West European pre-modern agriculture (agriculture before 1600) was by necessity ‘organic agriculture’. Crop protection is part and parcel of this agriculture, with weed control in the forefront. Crop protection is embedded in the medieval agronomy text books but specialised sections do occur. Weeds, insects and diseases are described but identification in modern terms is not easy. The pre-modern ‘Crop Portfolio’ is well filled, certainly in the Mediterranean area. The medieval ‘Pest Portfolio’ differs from the modern one because agriculture then was a Low External Input Agriculture, and because the proportion of cultivated to non-cultivated land was drastically lower than today. The pre-modern ‘Control Portfolio’ is surprisingly rich, both in preventive and interventive measures. Prevention was by risk management, intensive tillage, and careful storage. Intervention was mechanical and chemical. Chemical intervention used natural substances such as sulphur, pitch, and ‘botanicals’. Some fifty plant species are mentioned in a crop protection context. Though application methods look rather modern they are typically low-tech. Among them are seed disinfection, spraying, dusting, fumigation, grease banding, wound care, and hand-picking but also scarification, now outdated. The reality of pest outbreaks and other damages is explored as to frequency, intensity, and extent. Information on the practical use of the recommended treatments is scanty. If applied, their effectiveness remains enigmatic. Three medieval agronomists are at the heart of this book, but historical developments in crop protection from early Punic, Greek, and Roman authors to the first modern author are outlined. The readership of these writers was the privileged class of landowners but hints pointing to the exchange of ideas between them and the common peasant were found. Consideration is given to the pre-modern reasoning in matters of crop protection. Comparison of pre-modern crop protection and its counterpart in modern organic agriculture is difficult because of drastic changes in the relation between crop areas and non-crop areas, and because of the great difference in yield levels then and now, with several associated differences.
*Data sheets on quarantine pests for the European Union and for the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization. This book is the result of collaboration between EPPO and CAB INTERNATIONAL, sponsored by the Commission of the European Union, to prepare data sheets on pests of plants of quarantine significance for Europe and the Mediterranean region. Coverage extends to insects, mites, fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes and parasitic plants. It includes organisms that are found outside Europe and the Mediterranean that present a risk to this region, as well as those that are present but have restricted distribution and are subject to phytosanitary controls. The format of the FAO model data sheet is followed, using standard headings: identity, hosts, geographical distribution, biology, detection and identification, means of movement and dispersal, pest significance (including economic impact, control and phytosanitary risk), phytosanitary measures, and bibliography. The first edition of this book was published in December 1992, and consisted of 188 data sheets, some covering groups of similar organisms. During the intervening four years, pests have been added to the EU and EPPO lists and changes have occurred in host range, geographical distribution, taxonomy and pest status of many of the organisms described. All data sheets have therefore been revised, some data sheets covering groups of similar organisms have been split up and 56 new sheets added, resulting in a total of 300 data sheets. The second edition will continue therefore to represent a definitive reference source, not only for those with specific interests in plant quarantine, but also for all concerned with pest management.
Enabling power: European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, s. 8 (1), sch. 7, para. 21. Issued: 15.10.2020. Sifted: -. Made: -. Laid: -. Coming into force: In accord. with reg. 1 (2). Effect: 1967 c. 8 & S.I. 2015/350; 2018/289; 2019/1517 amended & S.I. 2019/786, 787 revoked. Territorial extent & classification: E/W/S. EC note: Regulation (EU) 2016/2031; Commission Decision 2002/757/EC; 2005/51/EC; Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2018; (EU) 2017/2313; (EU) 2020/918; (EU) 2020/1002; Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/827; (EU) 2019/829; (EU) 2019/1702 amended & Commission Decision 91/261/EEC; 93/360/EEC; 93/365/EEC; 93/422/EEC; 93/423/EEC; 98/109/EC; 2004/200/EC; 2005/359/EC; 2006/750/EC; 2010/723/EU; Commission Regulation (EC) No 1040/2002; Commission Implementing Decision 2011/787/EU; 2012/138/EU; 2012/270/EU; 2012/535/EU; 2012/697/EU; 2013/780/EU; 2014/356/EU; 2014/679/EU; (EU) 2015/179; (EU) 2015/226; (EU) 2015/893; (EU) 2015/1199; (EU) 2016/1359; (EU) 2016/2004; (EU) 2017/427; (EU) 2017/2187; (EU) 2018/5; (EU) 2018/618; (EU) 2018/638; (EU) 2018/1503; (EU) 2019/1598; (EU) 2019/1739; (EU) 2019/2032; Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2018/2019; (EU) 2020/885; (EU) 2020/1191; (EU) 2020/1199; (EU) 2020/1201 revoked. For approval by resolution of each House of Parliament
This book is based on EU-funded project PLANTFOODSEC, covering intentional and unintentional threats to plant biosecurity and to food safety areas. Biosecurity is a strategic and integrated approach for analysing and managing relevant risks to human, animal and plant life and health, and associated risks to the environment. Interest in biosecurity has risen considerably over the last decade in parallel with the increasing trade in food and plant and animal products; higher levels of international travel; new outbreaks of transboundary diseases. Although most diseases outbreaks have natural causes or are the result of inadvertent introductions of pathogens through human activities, the risk of a deliberate introduction of a high consequence plant pathogen cannot be excluded. Vigilance is required to identify, prevent and manage new and emerging issues that could impact on production capacity, plant biosecurity or food safety and food chain resilience. /div
This textbook provides a comprehensive introduction to all aspects of plant diseases, including pathogens, plant-pathogen interactions, their management, and future perspectives. Plant diseases limit potential crop production and are responsible for considerable losses in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Our global food production systems are under increasing pressure from global trade, climate change and urbanization. If we could alleviate the losses due to plant diseases, we would be able to produce roughly 20% more food - enough to feed the predicted world population in 2050. Co-authored by a group of international teachers of plant pathology who have collaborated for many years, the book gives expert and seamless coverage. Plant Pathology and Plant Diseases: Addresses major advances in plant-pathogen interactions, classification of plant pathogens, and the methods of managing or controlling disease Is relevant for a global audience; it covers many examples of diseases with an impact worldwide but with an emphasis on disease of particular importance in a temperate context Features over 400 striking figures and colour photographs It is suitable for graduate students and advanced undergraduates studying plant pathology, biology, agriculture and horticulture.
The third edition of this authoritative guide to the European Community plant variety protection system combines comprehensive explanation of the system with practical guidance on obtaining and enforcing protection.
Sustainable Use of Chemicals in Agriculture, Volume 2, explores the wide breadth of emerging and state-of-the-art technologies used to study the sustainable use of chemicals in agriculture. Sections in this new release include modern agriculture in Europe and the role/place of chemicals, a regulatory vision of the sustainable use of pesticides and risk mitigation, the perception of the concept in other regions of the globe, certification and added value for farm production, and how research and education can influence implementation and development, among other valuable topics. - Covers a wide breadth of emerging and state-of-the-art technologies - Includes contributions from an International board of authors - Provides a comprehensive set of reviews