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The trend in modern electronics towards ever higher frequencies of operation and complexity as well as power efficiency requires a whole palette of different technologies to be available to circuit designers for various applications. While MOSFETs dominate the digital world, they have apparently reached their top analogue performance around the 65nm node. Emerging technologies such as CNTFETs offer excellent properties such as very high linearity and speed in theory, but have yet to deliver on those promises in practice. Heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), on the other hand, offer a number of key advantages over competing technologies: A very high transconductance and therefore a relatively low impact of a load impedance on the transistor operation, a high transit frequency and maximum frequency of oscillation at a comparatively relaxed feature size and favorable noise characteristics. Like all semiconductor devices, HBTs can be fabricated in diferent semiconductor materials. The most common are SiGe HBTs, which even today reach values above (ft; fmax) = (300; 500) GHz and are projected to eventually reach the THz range. However, HBTs fabricated in III-V materials offer a versatile alternative. Depending on the materials that are used, III-V HBTs can be the fastest available bipolar transistors (competing only with HEMTs, also fabricated in III-V materials, for the title of fastest available transistors overall), offer very high breakdown voltages and therefore excellent power-handling capability, show good linearity or low noise figures at high frequencies. Typical applications for III-V HBTs include handset PAs, high-effciency and high-speed amplifiers as well as high-speed oscillators . Overall, III-V-based HBTs and especially InP HBTs are excellent candidates for future high-speed communication circuits. The goal of this work is to include important effects occurring in III-V materials in a compact model for circuit design in a physical, yet intuitive way in order to aid deployment of III-V HBTs in prototypes and products. Additionally, the parameter extraction procedure for the compact model is described and analyzed in detail so an accurate, physics-based parameter set can be obtained. Finally, the agreement of the model with measurements is demonstrated for three different III-V HBT processes.
Compact Hierarchical Bipolar Transistor Modeling with HICUM will be of great practical benefit to professionals from the process development, modeling and circuit design community who are interested in the application of bipolar transistors, which include the SiGe:C HBTs fabricated with existing cutting-edge process technology. The book begins with an overview on the different device designs of modern bipolar transistors, along with their relevant operating conditions; while the subsequent chapter on transistor theory is subdivided into a review of mostly classical theories, brought into context with modern technology, and a chapter on advanced theory that is required for understanding modern device designs. This book aims to provide a solid basis for the understanding of modern compact models.
SiGe HBTs is a hot topic within the microelectronics community because of its applications potential within integrated circuits operating at radio frequencies. Applications range from high speed optical networking to wireless communication devices. The addition of germanium to silicon technologies to form silicon germanium (SiGe) devices has created a revolution in the semiconductor industry. These transistors form the enabling devices in a wide range of products for wireless and wired communications. This book features: SiGe products include chip sets for wireless cellular handsets as well as WLAN and high-speed wired network applications Describes the physics and technology of SiGe HBTs, with coverage of Si and Ge bipolar transistors Written with the practising engineer in mind, this book explains the operating principles and applications of bipolar transistor technology. Essential reading for practising microelectronics engineers and researchers. Also, optical communications engineers and communication technology engineers. An ideal reference tool for masters level students in microelectronics and electronics engineering.
This modern book-length treatment gives a detailed presentation of high-frequency bipolar transistors in silicon or silicon-germanium technology, with particular emphasis placed on today's advanced compact models and their physical foundations.
This informative, new resource presents the first comprehensive treatment of silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors (SiGe HBTs). It offers you a complete, from-the-ground-up understanding of SiGe HBT devices and technology, from a very broad perspective. The book covers motivation, history, materials, fabrication, device physics, operational principles, and circuit-level properties associated with this new cutting-edge semiconductor device technology. Including over 400 equations and more than 300 illustrations, this hands-on reference shows you in clear and concise language how to design, simulate, fabricate, and measure a SiGe HBT.
Most of the recent texts on compact modeling are limited to a particular class of semiconductor devices and do not provide comprehensive coverage of the field. Having a single comprehensive reference for the compact models of most commonly used semiconductor devices (both active and passive) represents a significant advantage for the reader. Indeed, several kinds of semiconductor devices are routinely encountered in a single IC design or in a single modeling support group. Compact Modeling includes mostly the material that after several years of IC design applications has been found both theoretically sound and practically significant. Assigning the individual chapters to the groups responsible for the definitive work on the subject assures the highest possible degree of expertise on each of the covered models.
Achieve accurate and reliable parameter extraction using this complete survey of state-of-the-art techniques and methods. A team of experts from industry and academia provides you with insights into a range of key topics, including parasitics, intrinsic extraction, statistics, extraction uncertainty, nonlinear and DC parameters, self-heating and traps, noise, and package effects. Learn how similar approaches to parameter extraction can be applied to different technologies. A variety of real-world industrial examples and measurement results show you how the theories and methods presented can be used in practice. Whether you use transistor models for evaluation of device processing and you need to understand the methods behind the models you use, or you want to develop models for existing and new device types, this is your complete guide to parameter extraction.
This book provides a single-source reference to the state-of-the art in tunneling field effect transistors (TFETs). Readers will learn the TFETs physics from advanced atomistic simulations, the TFETs fabrication process and the important roles that TFETs will play in enabling integrated circuit designs for power efficiency.
The transistor is the key enabler of modern electronics. Progress in transistor scaling has pushed channel lengths to the nanometer regime where traditional approaches to device physics are less and less suitable. These lectures describe a way of understanding MOSFETs and other transistors that is much more suitable than traditional approaches when the critical dimensions are measured in nanometers. It uses a novel, "bottom-up approach" that agrees with traditional methods when devices are large, but that also works for nano-devices. Surprisingly, the final result looks much like the traditional, textbook, transistor models, but the parameters in the equations have simple, clear interpretations at the nanoscale. The objective is to provide readers with an understanding of the essential physics of nanoscale transistors as well as some of the practical technological considerations and fundamental limits. This book is written in a way that is broadly accessible to students with only a very basic knowledge of semiconductor physics and electronic circuits.