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The outline of the issues discussed at the Third IAEA Technical Meeting on Physics and Technology of Inertial Fusion Energy Targets, Chambers and Drivers are summarized in this publication. It is expected that new megajoule laser facilities will demonstrate fusion ignition and burn, and, in around 2010-2015, gain of energy.
It is expected that new megajoule laser facilities which are under construction in the USA and France will demonstrate fusion ignition and burn, and, around 2010-2015, gain of energy. This will be an epoch making achievement in the history of fusion energy development, which will give a real means to solve the future energy and environment problems of the world. A strategic approach towards the final goal, namely fusion energy production on humanity a commercial basis, is now required. An inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant and its development are based on a large number of advanced conce.
In the fall of 2010, the Office of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Secretary for Science asked for a National Research Council (NRC) committee to investigate the prospects for generating power using inertial confinement fusion (ICF) concepts, acknowledging that a key test of viability for this concept-ignition -could be demonstrated at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) in the relatively near term. The committee was asked to provide an unclassified report. However, DOE indicated that to fully assess this topic, the committee's deliberations would have to be informed by the results of some classified experiments and information, particularly in the area of ICF targets and nonproliferation. Thus, the Panel on the Assessment of Inertial Confinement Fusion Targets ("the panel") was assembled, composed of experts able to access the needed information. The panel was charged with advising the Committee on the Prospects for Inertial Confinement Fusion Energy Systems on these issues, both by internal discussion and by this unclassified report. A Panel on Fusion Target Physics ("the panel") will serve as a technical resource to the Committee on Inertial Confinement Energy Systems ("the Committee") and will prepare a report that describes the R&D challenges to providing suitable targets, on the basis of parameters established and provided to the Panel by the Committee. The Panel on Fusion Target Physics will prepare a report that will assess the current performance of fusion targets associated with various ICF concepts in order to understand: 1. The spectrum output; 2. The illumination geometry; 3. The high-gain geometry; and 4. The robustness of the target design. The panel addressed the potential impacts of the use and development of current concepts for Inertial Fusion Energy on the proliferation of nuclear weapons information and technology, as appropriate. The Panel examined technology options, but does not provide recommendations specific to any currently operating or proposed ICF facility.
The potential for using fusion energy to produce commercial electric power was first explored in the 1950s. Harnessing fusion energy offers the prospect of a nearly carbon-free energy source with a virtually unlimited supply of fuel. Unlike nuclear fission plants, appropriately designed fusion power plants would not produce the large amounts of high-level nuclear waste that requires long-term disposal. Due to these prospects, many nations have initiated research and development (R&D) programs aimed at developing fusion as an energy source. Two R&D approaches are being explored: magnetic fusion energy (MFE) and inertial fusion energy (IFE). An Assessment of the Prospects for Inertial Fusion Energy describes and assesses the current status of IFE research in the United States; compares the various technical approaches to IFE; and identifies the scientific and engineering challenges associated with developing inertial confinement fusion (ICF) in particular as an energy source. It also provides guidance on an R&D roadmap at the conceptual level for a national program focusing on the design and construction of an inertial fusion energy demonstration plant.
Achievement of inertial fusion ignition and energy gain in the proposed U.S. National Ignition Facility is a prerequisite for decisions to build next-step U.S. inertial fusion facilities for either high yield or high pulse-rate. There are a variety of target and driver options for such next-step inertial fusion test facilities, and this paper discusses possible ways that the NIF, using a 1.8 MJ glass laser in both direct and indirect-drive configurations, can provide target physics data relevant to several next-step facility options. Next step facility options include the Engineering Test Facility (ETF), which needs several-Hz pulse-rates for testing relevant to Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) development. An option for high yield, called the Laboratory Microfusion Facility (LMF), does not require such high pulse-rates, but may still benefit from driver technologies capable of much higher shot rates than possible with glass lasers. A high-pulse-rate driver could also be used for a combined ETF/LMF facility, driving multiple target chambers with a common driver. Driver technologies that could support high-pulse rates for next-step options include heavy-ion and light-ion accelerators, diode-pumped solid-state lasers (DPSSL), and krypton-flouride gas lasers. The NIF could be used to provide important data for IFE in generic areas of target chamber damage and materials responses, neutron activation and heating, tritium recovery and safety, and in performance tests of prototypical IFE targets and injection systems. In the study of ignition in both direct and indirect-drive, the NIF would explore generic ICF fuel capsule implosion physics common to all driver and target options for next-step facilities. In the following, we point out specific ways in which the NIF could be used to study target physics specifically relevant to the above-mentioned driver options for such next-step facilities, as well as how the NIF laser system itself could be relevant to the DPSSL option.
This publication describes the current scientific, engineering and technological developments in the field of inertial confinement fusion (ICF). It provides an introduction to ICF as well as an overview of the various technologies needed for inertial fusion power plant development. It was compiled by an international group of experts under the auspices of an IAEA Advisory Group on Inertial Fusion Energy and is intended for a large audience, e.g. policy makers, scientists, engineers or technologists in other fields, and students.
Recent decisions by DOE to proceed with the National Ignition Facility (NIF) and the first half of the Induction Systems Linac Experiments (ILSE) can provide the scientific basis for inertial fusion ignition and high-repetition heavy-ion driver physics, respectively. Both are critical to Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE). A conceptual design has been completed for a 1.8-MJ, 500-TW, 0.35-[micro]m-solid-state laser system, the NIF. The NIF will demonstrate inertial fusion ignition and gain for national security applications, and for IFE development. It will support science applications using high-power lasers. The demonstration of inertial fusion ignition and gain, along with the parallel demonstration of the feasibility of an efficient, high-repetition-rate driver, would provide the basis for a follow-on Engineering Test Facility (ETF) identified in the National Energy Policy Act of 1992. The ETF would provide an integrated testbed for the development and demonstration of the technologies needed for IFE power plants. In addition to target physics of ignition, the NIF will contribute important data on IFE target chamber issues, including neutron damage, activation, target debris clearing, operational experience in many areas prototypical to future IFE power plants, and an opportunity to provide tests of candidate low-cost IFE targets and injection systems. An overview of the NIF design and the target area environments relevant to conducting IFE experiments are described in Section 2. In providing this basic data for IFE, the NIF will provide confidence that an ETF can be successful in the integration of drivers, target chambers, and targets for IFE.
Development of inertial fusion energy (IFE) will require continued R & D in target physics, driver technology, target production and delivery systems, and chamber technologies. It will also require the integration of these technologies in tests and engineering demonstrations of increasing capability and complexity. Development needs in each of these areas are discussed. It is shown how IFE development will leverage off the DOE Defense Programs funded inertial confinement fusion (ICF) work.
Inertial fusion energy (IFE) is one of two major approaches in fusion energy research. This publication sets out the findings of a co-ordinated research project on technological developments involved in IFE power plant design and systems integration, focusing on interface issues related to the driver/target interface, the driver/chamber interface and the target/chamber interface.