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Across the United States, thousands of hazardous waste sites are contaminated with chemicals that prevent the underlying groundwater from meeting drinking water standards. These include Superfund sites and other facilities that handle and dispose of hazardous waste, active and inactive dry cleaners, and leaking underground storage tanks; many are at federal facilities such as military installations. While many sites have been closed over the past 30 years through cleanup programs run by the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. EPA, and other state and federal agencies, the remaining caseload is much more difficult to address because the nature of the contamination and subsurface conditions make it difficult to achieve drinking water standards in the affected groundwater. Alternatives for Managing the Nation's Complex Contaminated Groundwater Sites estimates that at least 126,000 sites across the U.S. still have contaminated groundwater, and their closure is expected to cost at least $110 billion to $127 billion. About 10 percent of these sites are considered "complex," meaning restoration is unlikely to be achieved in the next 50 to 100 years due to technological limitations. At sites where contaminant concentrations have plateaued at levels above cleanup goals despite active efforts, the report recommends evaluating whether the sites should transition to long-term management, where risks would be monitored and harmful exposures prevented, but at reduced costs.
Hazardous waste management is a complex, interdisciplinary field that continues to grow and change as global conditions change. Mastering this evolving and multifaceted field of study requires knowledge of the sources and generation of hazardous wastes, the scientific and engineering principles necessary to eliminate the threats they pose to people and the environment, the laws regulating their disposal, and the best or most cost-effective methods for dealing with them. Written for students with some background in engineering, this comprehensive, highly acclaimed text does not only provide detailed instructions on how to solve hazardous waste problems but also guides students to think about ways to approach these problems. Each richly detailed, self-contained chapter ends with a set of discussion topics and problems. Case studies, with equations and design examples, are provided throughout the book to give students the chance to evaluate the effectiveness of different treatment and containment technologies.
For all aspects of managing contaminated sites - from diagnosis and site characterization to the development and implementation of site restoration programs - Management of Contaminated Site Problems provides you with all the tools and techniques you need. This excellent new resource on understanding and managing environmental contamination problems in general, and contaminated sites in particular, represents a collection and synthesis of modern issues. It defines common procedures used in the planning, development, and evaluation of corrective measures for potentially contaminated sites and facilities. It also includes example analyses and workplans for evaluating and implementing corrective measures.
Most brownfields cleanups have relied on institutional and engineering controls as part of the remedy, although the implementation, monitoring, and enforcement of these controls is one of the most difficult issues affecting contaminated property cleanup and redevelopment. The critical role of institutional controls has recently been highlighted by the 2001 Brownfields Amendments, and as a result a key element in the future success of brownfields redevelopment will rest on understanding and effectively using risk-based corrective action, including institutional and engineering controls. Implementing Institutional Controls at Brownfields and Other Contaminated Sites, the first book on this important and evolving topic, provides a thorough grounding in the history and current use of institutional controls. Emphasizing federal, state and public perspectives, this compendium of articles written by over 43 experts in the field offers real estate and environmental practitioners a state-of-the-art review of a subject that is integral to the success and growth of brownfields redevelopment projects. also examines some of the emerging tools that can be used in brownfields redevelopment, including custodial trusts, one-call systems, and web-based tracking systems. It also discusses the benefits of the proposed uniform model law on environmental covenants (UECA). Part II addresses the federal perspective, including the statutory and regulatory framework for the use of institutional controls in CERCLA and RCRA. The state perspective is covered in Part III, looking at the varying use of these controls in several states, including Arizona, California, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Maine. Experience in the Field is the focus of Part IV, which reviews how these controls have been used, highlights recent case studies, and draws conclusions on what can be learned from these successes and failures. documents and forms, including the flow chart from the ASTM Standard Guide on the Use of Activity and Use Limitations, Including Institutional and Engineering Controls (E 2091), final fact sheets from the Environmental Protection Agency for site managers at Superfund and RCRA sites, guidance from the Department of Defense, and state documents referenced in the text.
Services and service oriented computing have emerged and matured over the last decade, bringing with them a number of available services that are selected by users and developers and composed into larger applications. The Handbook of Research on Non-Functional Properties for Service-Oriented Systems: Future Directions unites different approaches and methods used to describe, map, and use non-functional properties and service level agreements. This handbook, which will be useful for both industry and academia, provides an overview of existing research and also sets clear directions for future work.
This book provides an introduction to the scientific fundamentals of groundwater and geothermal systems. In a simple and didactic manner the different water and energy problems existing in deformable porous rocks are explained as well as the corresponding theories and the mathematical and numerical tools that lead to modeling and solving them. This approach provides the reader with a thorough understanding of the basic physical laws of thermoporoelastic rocks, the partial differential equations representing these laws and the principal numerical methods, which allow finding approximate solutions of the corresponding mathematical models. The book also presents the form in which specific useful models can be generated and solved. The text is introductory in the sense that it explains basic themes of the systems mentioned in three areas: engineering, physics and mathematics. All the laws and equations introduced in this book are formulated carefully based on fundamental physical principles. This way, the reader will understand the key importance of mathematics applied to all the subjects. Simple models are emphasized and solved with numerous examples. For more sophisticated and advanced models the numerical techniques are described and developed carefully. This book will serve as a synoptic compendium of the fundamentals of fluid, solute and heat transport, applicable to all types of subsurface systems, ranging from shallow aquifers down to deep geothermal reservoirs. The book will prove to be a useful textbook to senior undergraduate and graduate students, postgraduates, professional geologists and geophysicists, engineers, mathematicians and others working in the vital areas of groundwater and geothermal resources.