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Pesticide dose is a parameter that is central to pesticide efficacy, effects of pesticides on non-target organisms, evolution of pesticide resistance, and non-intended pesticide effects such as hormesis (the stimulatory effect of a sub-toxic dose of a toxin). This book details and documents the reasons why only a tiny fraction of applied pesticides reach their desired molecular targets in the pests for which they are intended. This is followed by a discussion of the relationship of dose to efficacy levels and the practical implications of this. Pesticide movement to non-target organisms by drift and other processes has become a topic of great interest and is thoroughly covered. The book ends with a review of the effects of herbicides on non-target terrestrial plants with large differences in sensitivities to low herbicides doses. This volume gives the reader an appreciation for the complexity of pesticide dose effects.
The successful screening of insecticides, acaricides, herbicides, fungicides, ovicides, nematicides, growth retardants, and other biocidal compounds depends upon both the accurate preparation of test concentrations and the manner in which they are applied to the soil, host plant, or specific life stage of the organism. This preparation of test sprays, dips, dusts, and other formulations of test materials depends on the accurate computation of the equivalents used. The purpose of this manual is to provide a useful reference for entomologists and others in related disciplines who must prepare materials for screening in the laboratory, greenhouse, or small field plot. The effort was begun when it became apparent to the author that a single reference source in the form of a manual was not available. Further, many different procedures exist for calculating and expressing concentrations, including "rules of thumb," Pierson square, and others; these may be understood by some but not by all. The fact that the information gathered for this manual has come from a great many sources further emphasizes the variety of procedures in use and demonstrates the need for a reference of this nature.
The EPA commissioned The National Academies to provide advice on the vexing question of whether and, if so, under what circumstances EPA should accept and consider intentional human dosing studies conducted by companies or other sources outside the agency (so-called third parties) to gather evidence relating to the risks of a chemical or the conditions under which exposure to it could be judged safe. This report recommends that such studies be conducted and used for regulatory purposes only if all of several strict conditions are met, including the following: The study is necessary and scientifically valid, meaning that it addresses an important regulatory question that can't be answered with animal studies or nondosing human studies; The societal benefits of the study outweigh any anticipated risks to participants. At no time, even when benefits beyond improved regulation exist, can a human dosing study be justified that is anticipated to cause lasting harm to study participants; and All recognized ethical standards and procedures for protecting the interests of study participants are observed. In addition, EPA should establish a Human Studies Review Board (HSRB) to evaluate all human dosing studiesâ€"both at the beginning and upon completion of the experimentsâ€"if they are carried out with the intent of affecting the agency's policy-making.
The Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology is a comprehensive, two-volume reference guide to the properties, effects, and regulation of pesticides that provides the latest and most complete information to researchers investigating the environmental, agricultural, veterinary, and human-health impacts of pesticide use. Written by international experts from academia, government, and the private sector, the Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology is an in-depth examination of critical issues related to the need for, use of, and nature of chemicals used in modern pest management. This updated 3e carries on the book’s tradition of serving as the definitive reference on pesticide toxicology and recognizes the seminal contribution of Wayland J. Hayes, Jr., co-Editor of the first edition. Presents a comprehensive look at all aspects of pesticide toxicology in one reference work. Clear exposition of hazard identification and dose response relationships in each chapter featuring pesticide agents and actions All major classes of pesticide considered Different routes of exposure critically evaluated
Although numerous studies have been conducted to evaluate chronic health effects associated with pesticide exposures, results of these studies are not consistent, may often be biased, and are generally not supported with any valid pesticide exposure data. Inadequate measurement of pesticide exposure is a major factor limiting the value of study results. Since it is generally not possible to measure exposures retrospectively, and not cost-effective or practical to measure exposures prospectively, alternative techniques must be developed and evaluated for use in epidemiologic research. The primary objective of this study was to develop statistical models to predict pesticide dose in lawn care applicators. Doses of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), mecoprop (2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid, MCPP) and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) were assessed in 98 professional turf applicators from 20 companies. Since these workers were repeatedly exposed to varying amounts of pesticides, a method of dose estimation was developed to predict total weekly dose that would allow for different use patterns by each individual. Further, since accuracy of dose estimates is dependent on the collection of 24-hour urine samples, both creatinine excretion and self-reported missed samples were used to evaluate collection completeness. During a one week period, the volume of pesticide applied was weakly related to the total dose of 2,4-D absorbed (R2 = 0.21). Two additional factors explained a large proportion of the variation in dose: the type of spray nozzle and the use of gloves. In the final multiple regression models predicting total absorbed dose of 2,4-D and mecoprop, 63 to 68 percent of the variation was explained. Commonly used job titles and duties performed explained only 11 and 16 percent of the variation in dose, respectively. By explaining up to 68 percent of the variation, the models developed represent a vast improvement over traditional methods of pesticide exposure assessment. If the study results are generalizable, it is likely that most epidemiologic studies using traditional methods of pesticide exposure assessment in occupational groups suffer extremely limited power and biased results.
Pesticide Profiles: Toxicity, Environmental Impact, and Fate is like three books in one-it is a profile containing specific information about 137 pesticides, a primer of environmental toxicology, and an extensive trade name index. Profiles of each pesticide contain regulatory information, toxicity assessments, environmental fate data, physical properties, and acceptable exposure limit values. What these values and data mean in terms of human toxicity is clearly interpreted as well. The book also describes the meaning of carcinogenicity and how it is assessed in non-technical terms the non-expert can understand. Readers with a technical background are provided with the data to make their own judgments. In addition to information about specific pesticides, there are sections on general classes of pesticides, such as organophosphates. This information allows readers to make inferences about any pesticide in a class, even if a profile is not provided. Pesticide Profiles: Toxicity, Environmental Impact, and Fate goes beyond the usual listings of toxicity values or environmental half-lives to offer a broad understanding to readers of various backgrounds and interests.
Based on a symposium sponsored by the Board on Agriculture, this comprehensive book explores the problem of pesticide resistance; suggests new approaches to monitor, control, or prevent resistance; and identifies the changes in public policy necessary to protect crops and human health from the ravages of pests. The volume synthesizes the most recent information from a wide range of disciplines, including entomology, genetics, plant pathology, biochemistry, economics, and public policy. It also suggests research avenues that would indicate how to counter future problems. A glossary provides the reader with additional guidance.