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Salir del estancamiento y la disgregación en que se encuentra la integración de América Latina supone una voluntad política, real y efectiva, de los Gobiernos, fruto de una acción concertada entre estos, organismos internacionales, instituciones responsables del proceso de integración y los diferentes actores interesados en el proceso, dentro de los cuales se encuentran la sociedad civil y la academia, este último actor fundamental. Para ello, es necesario reiterar no solo la pertinencia y validez de la integración, sino también la conveniencia de establecer las medidas necesarias para avanzar, de manera gradual, pero sostenida, en la convergencia de la integración latinoamericana. En este libro se plantea la pertinencia y la convergencia de la integración en América Latina: pertinencia, en el sentido de la eficiencia, la viabilidad, la realización, el impacto y los resultados de un proyecto, y convergencia, como la confluencia o concurrencia, resultado de actos o acciones de converger. Por consiguiente, esta reflexión sobre la convergencia de la integración latinoamericana parte de la aceptación de superar grandes asimetrías integrando diversidades manifiestas. En este sentido, los autores dan respuestas que contemplan la necesidad de reforzar las instituciones para recuperar la gobernabilidad en los países y en los procesos de integración, así como el desarrollo de una gobernanza multinivel en la que se logre mayor participación de la sociedad civil, con un particular trabajo en la armonización de políticas económicas y medidas orientadas a lograr mayor cohesión social que faciliten una distribución más equitativa de los beneficios de la integración. Teniendo en cuenta que esto no es realizable de manera inmediata, plantean una agenda a corto, mediano y largo plazo, sobre la cual los distintos actores trabajen de manera conjunta para ahondar y desarrollar lo más pertinente de la integración latinoamericana.
Textbook on regionalism and its role in a global marketplace, ideal for students of IR and globalisation.
Spain's membership of the European Union since 1986 has had a major impact. Driven primarily by political concerns to secure democracy, membership has also served as a catalyst to dynamic economic development in Spain. This book analyzes how the EU has helped shape the political process in Spain, focusing on the key institutions and the policy process. At the same time, Spain's increasingly proactive role within the EU is also explored, with particular attention given to the country's international position in post-Cold War Europe.
Latin America has been central to the main debates on development economics, ranging from the relationships between income inequality and economic growth, and the importance of geography versus institutions in development, to debates on the effects of trade, trade openness and protection on growth and income distribution. Despite increasing interest in the region there are few English language books on Latin American economics. This Handbook, organized into five parts, aims to fill this significant gap. Part I looks at long-term issues, including the institutional roots of Latin America's underdevelopment, the political economy of policy making, the rise, decline and re-emergence of alternative paradigms, and the environmental sustainability of the development pattern. Part II considers macroeconomic topics, including the management of capital account booms and busts, the evolution and performance of exchange rate regimes, the advances and challenges of monetary policies and financial development, and the major fiscal policy issues confronting the region, including a comparison of Latin American fiscal accounts with those of the OECD. Part III analyzes the region's economies in global context, particularly the role of Latin America in the world trade system and the effects of dependence on natural resources (characteristic of many countries of the region) on growth and human development. It reviews the trends of foreign direct investment, the opportunities and challenges raised by the emergence of China as buyer of the region's commodities and competitor in the world market, and the transformation of the Latin America from a region of immigration to one of massive emigration. Part IV deals with matters of productive development. At the aggregate level it analyzes issues of technological catching up and divergence as well as different perspectives on the poor productivity and growth performance of the region during recent decades. At the sectoral level, it looks at agricultural policies and performance, the problems and prospects of the energy sector, and the effects on growth of lagging infrastructure development. Part V looks at the social dimensions of development; it analyzes the evolution of income inequality, poverty, and economic insecurity in the region, the evolution of labor markets and the performance of the educational sector, as well as the evolution of social assistance programs and social security reforms in the region. The contributors are leading researchers that belong to different schools of economic thought and most come from countries throughout Latin America, representing a range of views and recognising the diversity of the region. This Handbook is a significant contribution to the field, and will be of interest to academics, graduate students and policy makers interested in economics, political economy, and public policy in Latin America and other developing economies.
This publication deals with key issues in land tenure, especially as they relate to food insecurity and rural development situations. Land tenure issues are frequently ignored in rural development interventions, with often long-lasting, negative results. This guide is designed to assist technical officers in governments and civil society in understanding why and how land tenure issues should be considered in rural development projects. It analyses important contexts such as environmental degradation, gender discrimination, and conflicts, where land tenure is currently of critical concern.