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Author's abstract: How an athlete responds and recovers from an injury varies with each unique situation. One's reaction to their sport injury can be an influential determinant of their return to sport (Ahern & Lohr, 1997; Podlog & Eklund, 2005; Podlog & Eklund, 2009; Podlog, Lochbaum, & Stevens, 2009; Walker, Thatcher, & Lavallee, 2007). Those working directly with injured athletes are in a unique position to administer both physiological and psychological rehabilitation. Research has surfaced regarding the need of athletic trainers to also focus on the mental aspects of recovery (Barefield & McCallister, 1997; Gordon, S., Milios, D., & Grove, J.R., 1991; Grindley, E.J. & Zizzi, S.J., 2005). The objective of this narrative study is to focus and uncover the perceptions of coping with an injury among 4 NCAA Division I athletes and also the athletic trainers with whom they work. Interviews will be transcribed and a thematic structure of the lived experience of an injury will be revealed. With this investigative research, health and sport professionals will be able to approach both the mental and physical sides of rehabilitation.
Applied sport psychology research suggests that the use of psychological skills (e.g., positive self-talk, goal-setting, relaxation) during the rehabilitation process increase recovery rates, increase adherence to rehabilitation, and decrease anxiety and stress (Heaney, 2006). Certified athletic trainers (ATCs) hold a critical role within injury rehabilitation as the primary health care professional who interacts with injured athletes. Therefore, properly trained, ATCs have been identified as the ideal professional to implement psychological skills during injury rehabilitation (Larson, Starkey, & Zaichkowsky, 1996). The purpose of this study was to explore National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (D-I) ATCs use of psychological skills and perceptions of qualifications to implement psychological skills with athletes during rehabilitation. Results revealed that participants reported using goal-setting, communication, and time management most frequently with athletes. Results of a stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that participants confidence in their ability to effectively demonstrate psychological skills significantly predicted their use of psychological skills, along with perceptions of the effectiveness of psychological skills and previous level of training in sport psychology. Lastly, participants perceived psychologists to be the most qualified professional to implement psychological skills with injured athletes. Implications for ATCs and sport psychology professionals are education. This includes ATCs educational requirements to be more detailed and clear for athletic training students as well as education by sport psychology consultants to help other professional better understand their role in the overall sport team.
From a gymnast hiding ankle pain so she can compete to a basketball player who withdraws from friends after a season-ending injury, it can be argued that every sport injury affects or is affected in some way by psychological factors. Given the widespread importance of psychological issues in sport injury, it is important for those working with athletes—injured or not—to be aware of the latest developments on the subject. Written by a sport psychology consultant and an athletic trainer, Psychology of Sport Injury provides a thorough explanation of the elements and effects of sport injuries along with up-to-date research and insights for practical application. The authors offer a contemporary approach to preventing, treating, rehabilitating, and communicating professionally about sport injuries that takes into account physical, psychological, and social factors. Psychology of Sport Injury presents sport injury within a broader context of public health and offers insights into the many areas in which psychology may affect athletes, such as risk culture, the many facets of pain, athlete adherence to rehab regimens, the relationship between psychological factors and clinical outcomes, collaboration, and referrals for additional support. The book explores the relevant biological, psychological, and social factors that affect given circumstances. The text consists of four parts: Understanding and Preventing Sport Injuries, Consequences of Sport Injury, Rehabilitation of Sport Injury, and Communication in Sport Injury Management. Psychology of Sport Injury includes evidence-based examples and demonstrates real-world applications that sport health care professionals often face with athletes. Additional pedagogical features include the following: • Focus on Research boxes provide the what and why of the latest research to complement the applied approach of the text. • Focus on Application boxes highlight practical examples to illustrate the material and maintain student engagement. • Psychosocial content aligned with the latest educational competencies of the National Athletic Trainers’ Association (NATA) helps students prepare for athletic training examinations and supports professional development for practitioners. • A prevention-to-rehabilitation approach gives a framework for understanding sport injury, including precursors to injury, pain as a complex phenomenon, adherence to rehabilitation, and communication and management of injuries with other health care professionals as well as the athlete. • A set of chapter quizzes and a presentation package aid instructors in testing student comprehension and preparing lectures. Psychology of Sport Injury is an educational tool, reference text, and springboard to new ideas for research and practice in any line of work exposed to sport injury. Observing and committing to athletes, especially during times of physical trauma and emotional distress (which are often not separate times), are critical skills for athletic trainers, physical therapists, sport psychologists, coaches, and others who work with athletes on a regular basis.
Abstract: Pain, limited range of motion, and decreased strength are signs and symptoms that are commonly suffered by student-athletes following injury. However, denial, depression, anger, anxiety, and fear can also occur as a result of injury. Although most athletic trainers are well prepared to care for the physical ailments associated with injury, some are much less adept at designing rehabilitation and treatment programs aimed at addressing psychological reactions. The potential for helping athletic trainers recognize both the physical and psychological ramifications of injury begins with academic preparation. Currently, undergraduate athletic training students are expected to complete course work that addresses twenty different subject matter areas. Yet, only one of the twenty subject matter areas addresses the psychological component of health care. This apparent under-representation of psychosocial intervention in the curricular preparation of athletic trainers may not adequately address the complex nature of injury and its effect on student-athletes.
Athletes routinely use psychological skills and interventions for performance enhancement but, perhaps surprisingly, not always to assist in recovery from injury. This book demonstrates the ways in which athletes and practitioners can transfer psychological skills to an injury and rehabilitation setting, to enhance recovery and the well-being of the athlete. Drawing on the very latest research in sport and exercise psychology, this book explores key psychological concepts relating to injury, explaining typical psychological responses to injury and psychological aspects of rehabilitation. Using case studies in every chapter to highlight the day-to-day reality of working with injured athletes, it introduces a series of practical interventions, skills and techniques, underpinned by an evidence-base, with a full explanation of how each might affect an athlete’s recovery from injury. The Psychology of Sport Injury and Rehabilitation emphasises the importance of an holistic, multi-disciplinary approach to sports injury and rehabilitation. No other book examines the psychological aspects of both sports injury and the rehabilitation process, and therefore this is an essential resource for students, scholars and practitioners working in sport psychology, sports therapy, sports medicine or coaching.
When you get injured, it’s not just your body that suffers; there are psychological repercussions, as well. What’s more, this mental aspect of an athletic injury can be even more difficult to overcome than the physical limitations that it causes; it encompasses the social, emotional, and personality effects that an injury can have on an athlete. Kathleen Kickish, a certified athletic trainer with a master’s degree in sport and exercise psychology, can help you get back on the top of your game- physically and mentally. You can learn how to: • ask the questions that can help you navigate the recovery process; • increase self-confidence through positive thinking; • trust and have confidence in your athletic trainer and other health-care professionals; and • return to your sport ready to play both mentally and physically. This guide can also help you determine how your personality type and other characteristics affect the ways you should approach the psychological and physical rehabilitation processes. You can’t erase your injury, but you can control your attitude and perception of it and ultimately Return to Play.
Abstract: Purpose: This study was designed to identify factors which contribute to perceptions of readiness to return to sport after injury among collegiate athletes. Subjects: A total of 44 subjects, 29 males and 15 females, all between the ages of 18 and 22, participated in this study. Each subject had sustained a sport-related injury and was a member of a varsity or a junior varsity collegiate sports team during the Fall 1998 or Spring 1999 season. Methods: The authors developed a questionnaire to collect demographic information and visual analog scales were used to measure subject perceptions of injury severity, stage in the rehab process, readiness to return, and self efficacy in sport-specific tasks. The Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale was used to measure perceived internal health locus of control, chance health external locus of control, and powerful other health locus of control. The Revised Causal Dimension Scale was used to identify the athlete's attributions for both cause and recovery from injury. Procedures: The questionnaires were distributed to all athletes reporting to the athletic training rooms of Springfield College (NCAA Division III), and American International College (NCAA Division II) during March 1999. The data was analyzed using the SPSS statistical software program for Windows 95, v.8 and statistical significance was set at a2=.05. Descriptive statistics were used to obtain a demographic profile of the sample. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient was used to identify interrelationships between variables. Linear Multiple Regression procedures were used to explain variance in the dependent variable of perceived readiness to return to sport. Results: The average length of injury among subjects was 138 (+-237.67) days. Forty individuals (9 1%) participated on varsity teams. Four variables had a significant correlation with perceived readiness to return: perceived self efficacy in sport-specific tasks (I=-.652), stage in the rehab process (r= .5 17), injury severity (r= -.348), and tendency to attribute injury cause to personal factors (x=.334). The final multiple regression model indicated that self efficacy in sport-specific tasks accounted for most of the variance in perceived readiness to return to sport (43%), and stage in the rehab process accounted for 9%. Together, these two factors accounted for 52% of perceived readiness to return to sport. Discussion and Conclusion: The results of this study support conclusions of previous researchers that many variables influence perceptions of readiness to return to sport. The authors conclude that individuals who perceived themselves to be more ready to return to sport had higher levels of perceived self efficacy in performance of sport-specific tasks, considered themselves to be farther along in the rehab process, perceived themselves to have a less severe injury, and attributed the cause of injury to personal factors. The results can have a variety of clinical implications as understanding the psychology of an injured athlete can enhance a therapist's ability to provide efficient care. Possible clinical applications include incorporating sport specific activities into treatment to build self efficacy in these tasks. The authors suggest that future researchers investigate larger populations encompassing all divisions of college athletics and to further refine measurement of perceived readiness to return to sport.
Examines the use of sport psychology within an athletic training setting as it relates to athletic training and determines athletic trainers' perspectives of sport psychology use during injury rehabilitation. Assesses the formal training and the preparation of athletic trainers to use psychological tools. Examines the comfort level of athletic trainers using psychological tools during rehabilitation and determines if further education is taking place in sport psychology by athletic trainers.