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This book addresses key questions about the materials used for the wind instruments of classical symphony orchestra such as flutes, clarinets, saxophones, oboes, bassoons and pipe organs. The content of this book is structured into four parts. Part 1- Description of materials for wind instruments deals with wood species and materials for reeds used for making clarinet, oboe and bassoon- and, with metallic materials and alloys for - horn, trumpet, trombone, etc. Auxiliary materials associated with the manufacturing of wind instruments are felt, cork, leather and parchment. Part 2- Basic acoustics of wind instruments, in which are presented succinctly, some pertinent aspects related to the physics of the resonant air column. An important aspect discussed is related to the effect of wall material on the vibration modes of the walls of wind instruments. The methods for measuring the acoustical properties of wind instruments are presented. Part 3- Manufacturing of wind instruments, describes the technology used in manufacturing metallic tubes and pipes made of wood. Part 4 - The durability and degradation of materials addresses data about methods for cleaning wind instruments, studies factors producing degradation of organ pipes, describes methods of conservation and restoration of brass instruments and of historical pipe organs. Finally, the properties of marble are described, being the only one nondegradable and sustainable material used for pipes for organs.
Aerobiology is the science that studies the biological component of the atmosphere and its effects on living systems and on the environment. This term was used for the first time in 1935, but the attention of scientists to the biological component of the atmosphere goes back to 1769, when the Italian biologist Spallanzani carried out a series of experiments that disproved the concept of spontaneous generation of life and proved the presence of viable microorganisms in the air. Aerobiology has marked characteristics of interdisciplinarity: its application fields range from respiratory diseases to the airborne outbreak of animal and vegetal diseases and to the biodegradation of substances and materials. The latter is the subject of this book. The purpose of aerobiological research applied to the conservation of cultural heritage is to evaluate the risk of alteration by airborne microorganisms of materials forming artefacts of historical, artistic and archaeological interest. Airborne spores and vegetative structures may develop on different substrates and may be a cause of degradation, in relation to the types of materials, the microclimatic situation and the pollution of the conservation environments. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the biological component of air, performed by means of targeted analysis campaigns, and of the characteristics of materials and environments, supplies indispensable information for the evaluation of the actual risk and the planning of interventions. This book is divided into four main parts.
This is the first book to combine museum-based conservation techniques with practical instructions on the maintenance, repair, adjustment, and tuning of virtually every type of historical musical instrument. As one of the world's leading conservators of musical instruments, Stewart Pollens gives practical advice on the handling, storage, display and use of historic musical instruments in museums and other settings, and provides technical information on such wide-ranging subjects as acoustics, cleaning, climate control, corrosion, disinfestation, conservation ethics, historic stringing practice, measurement and historic metrology, retouching, tuning historic temperaments, varnish and writing reports. There are informative essays on the conservation of each of the major musical instrument groups, the treatment of paper, textiles, wood and metal, as well as historic techniques of wood and metalworking as they apply to musical instrument making and repair. This is a practical guide that includes equations, formulas, tables and step-by-step instructions.
A musical instrument is a witness of the many human visual and aural sensibilities, beliefs and dreams. It is not just a technical object, but one with its own aesthetic properties, an object that makes a variety of characteristic sounds without necessarily the existence of a connection between its visual and sound aesthetic. Preserving an instrument means therefore preserving our culture, our history, our dreams. The conference, open to all museum professionals, was intended to present and critically discuss the latestresearch about diagnostic techniques applied to musical instruments as well as advanced conservation practices, use of materials, collections management, through the presentation of case studies. Its main objective was to be a forum for the exchange of information, seeking to promote the transfer of knowledge regarding the daily activities of preservation and to facilitate the exchange of scientific information and opportunities for collaboration among researchers from different backgrounds. The proceedings contain a selection of the papers presented in 2010 and 2011. Table of contentsForewordEmanuele Marconi, editor 1. TransformationsRobert L. Barclay – Restoration Consultant, Canada 2. DocumentationRobert L. Barclay – Restoration Consultant, Canada 3. On the field – universal measurementPatricia Lopez Bastos – ANIMUSIC – Associação Nacionalde Instrumentos Musicais 4. Investigating and Preventing the Deteriorationof Historic Brass Instruments in EUCHMIPanagiotis Poulopoulos – Deutsches Museum, Munich,Arnold Myers – The University of Edinburgh 5. Surface cleaning of musical instruments –towards a more conscious approachClaudio Canevari – Civica Scuola di Liuteria di Milano 6. Dendrochronology: Tool of Truth or DeceptionStewart Pollens – Violin Advisor LLC, New York 7. Piano’s forgery revealed by dendrochronologyDavid Houbrechts, Pascale Vandervellen – MusicalIntruments Museum, Bruxelles8. Structural, chemical and mechanical imaging appliedto the conservation of musical instrumentsJean-Philippe Echard, Sandie Le Conte, Stéphane Vaiedelich– Musée de la Musique, Paris9. Digital X-Radiography of Musical InstrumentsAna Sofia Silva – Conservator of Musical Instruments,Portugal10. Synchrotron radiation microtomography: a tool fornon-invasive analysis of historical musical instrumentsFranco Zanini – Sincrotrone Trieste11. Synchrotron radiation microtomography of bowedstringed instruments: the 1753 violinby G.B. GuadagniniNicola Sodini – Sincrotrone Trieste12. Stereomicroscope and SEM microanalysis study ofmusical instruments from Correr museum in VeniceStefania Bruni, Giuseppe Maino et alii, Enea Bologna13. X-ray and neutron imaging as complementarynon-destructive methods for investigations of historicalbrasswind instrumentsDavid Mannes, Adrian. von Steiger, Eberhard Lehmann,Rainer Egger – Neutron Imaging and Activation Group,Spallation neutron source SINQ, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI),Villigen14. Looking over the Instrument Maker’s shoulders.Methods of material analysis of production technologyfor brasswind instrumentsAdrian von Steiger – Bern University of the Arts15. The emulation of non-linearity of musical instrumentsby means of Volterra seriesLamberto Tronchin – Università di Bologna Authors’ Biographies
Considerable activity in the acoustics of wood has occurred since the first edition of this book in 1995. An informal survey of a number of the published articles and papers presented at international conferences revealed that the interest of the wood science community is continually increasing. In this context, I felt c- pelled to revise the text in accordance with newer findings and this prompted the addition in the present book of 159 new references added to the existing 850 in the first edition. As a result of the favorable comments upon the first edition, from students and colleagues, I have included a part on mathematical theory related to wave pro- gation in orthotropic solids in the general text, in order to enable the interested reader to follow the essentially physical aspects of the subject. A new chapter related to “acousto-ultrasonics” is introduced; Chapters 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 have been considerably expanded and a significant redistribution of the subject matter from the earlier edition has been made.
This book addresses core questions about the role of materials in general and of wood in particular in the construction of string instruments used in the modern symphony orchestra – violins, violas, cellos and basses. Further attention is given to materials for classical guitars, harps, harpsichords and pianos. While some of the approaches discussed are traditional, most of them depend upon new scientific approaches to the study of the structure of materials, such as for example wood cell structure, which is visible only using modern high resolution microscopic techniques. Many examples of modern and classical instruments are examined, together with the relevance of classical techniques for the treatment of wood. Composite materials, especially designed for soundboards could be a good substitute for some traditional wood species. The body and soundboard of the instrument are of major importance for their acoustical properties, but the study also examines traditional and new wood species used for items such as bows, the instrument neck, string pegs, etc. Wood species’ properties for musical instruments and growth origins of woods used by great makers such as Antonio Stradivari are examined and compared with more recently grown woods available to current makers. The role of varnish in the appearance and acoustics of the final instrument is also discussed, since it has often been proposed as a ‘secret ingredient’ used by great makers. Aspects related to strings are commented.As well as discussing these subjects, with many illustrations from classical and contemporary instruments, the book gives attention to conservation and restoration of old instruments and the physical results of these techniques. There is also discussion of the current value of old instruments both for modern performances and as works of art having great monetary value.The book will be of interest and value to researchers, advanced students, music historians, and contemporary string instrument makers. Musicians in general, particularly those playing string instruments, will also find its revelations fascinating. It will also attract the attention of those using wood for a variety of other purposes, for its use in musical instruments uncovers many of its fundamental features. Professor Neville H. FletcherAustralian National University, Canberra
Acoustics of Wood offers a detailed treatment of numerous topics that are valuable to those working with wood in architecture, engineering, acoustics, and the crafting of musical instruments. It presents a comprehensive account of the progress and current knowledge concerning wood acoustics, outlining the anatomy and physiology of wood and the specific applications in which its acoustic properties are relevant. Acoustics of Wood reviews state-of-the-art measurement systems and includes material that has not been widely published. Divided into three main parts, the book describes environmental acoustics, presents acoustics methods for the characterization of the elastic behavior of wood, and discusses acoustic methods for the assessment of wood quality.
This book describes the properties of materials used for making percussion instruments for classical music played by a symphony orchestra in which the instruments could be played as a soloist instrument or as a group or several groups of instruments, as they are included into a musical work. A chapter is devoted to the bells. The scope of this book is primarily confined to percussion instruments of symphony orchestras taking into account the centuries of musical art and tradition. This book bridges the gap in the technical literature on describing the properties of materials for percussion instruments—timpani, other drums, marimba, xylophone, vibraphone, gong, cymbal, triangle, celesta, castanets.