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In further oviposition studies, females laid fewer eggs in naturally infested pepper fruits in cage and small arena studies. A host marking pheromone responsible for the deterrence was identified in the oviposition plug and frass of female weevils. This compound or compounds are slightly polar with low volatility and are potential candidates for use in pest management programs. An investigation into the response of pepper weevil to host plant volatiles found that 10-d-old males and 2 and 10-d-old females oriented to the volatiles of three host plants (pepper, American black nightshade, and eggplant). Only 10-d-old males and females could perceive differences in volatile plumes, ignoring volatiles from non-host plants outside the Solanaceae. Ten-d-old males and females were also strongly attracted to pepper plants with actively feeding female weevils. It is hoped that by combining this knowledge of the deterrent pheromone and attractive plant volatiles, a new tool for pepper weevil pest management can be developed.
This book considers all aspects of black pepper from its growth, as a flowering vine, to how the dried fruit (peppercorn) is used as a spice and traded as a commodity. It is the economic mainstay of several India states and, principally, in Kerala State, with the Indian subcontinent being the largest black pepper producer. Indonesia has also emerged as a large producer of black pepper. Black pepper commands a leading position among the spices and has an immense commercial importance to world trade, finding its way onto the dining table of millions around the world, on the European and North American continents, and Japan. The use of black pepper ranges from a simple dietary component and flavour enhancer, to that of a spice with huge pharmacological benefits.