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In recent years, an increase of environmental temperature in urban areas has raised many concerns. These areas are subjected to higher temperature compared to the rural surrounding areas. Modification of land surface and the use of materials such as concrete and/or asphalt are the main factors influencing the surface energy balance and therefore the environmental temperature in the urban areas. Engineered materials have relatively higher solar energy absorption and tend to trap a relatively higher incoming solar radiation. They also possess a higher heat storage capacity that allows them to retain heat during the day and then slowly release it back into the atmosphere as the sun goes down. This phenomenon is known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect and causes an increase in the urban air temperature. Many researchers believe that albedo is the key pavement affecting the urban heat island. However, this research has shown that the problem is more complex and that solar reflectivity may not be the only important factor to evaluate the ability of a pavement to mitigate UHI. The main objective of this study was to analyze and research the influence of pavement materials on the near surface air temperature. In order to accomplish this effort, test sections consisting of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), Porous Hot Mix asphalt (PHMA), Portland Cement Concrete (PCC), Pervious Portland Cement Concrete (PPCC), artificial turf, and landscape gravels were constructed in the Phoenix, Arizona area. Air temperature, albedo, wind speed, solar radiation, and wind direction were recorded, analyzed and compared above each pavement material type. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the air temperature at 3-feet and above, regardless of the type of the pavement. Near surface pavement temperatures were also measured and modeled. The results indicated that for the UHI analysis, it is important to consider the interaction between pavement structure, material properties, and environmental factors. Overall, this study demonstrated the complexity of evaluating pavement structures for UHI mitigation; it provided great insight on the effects of material types and properties on surface temperatures and near surface air temperature.
This book discusses the concepts and technologies associated with the mitigation of urban heat islands (UHIs) that are applicable in hot and humid regions. It presents several city case studies on how UHIs can be reduced in various areas to provide readers, researchers, and policymakers with insights into the concepts and technologies that should be considered when planning and constructing urban centres and buildings. The rapid development of urban areas in hot and humid regions has led to an increase in urban temperatures, a decrease in ventilation in buildings, and a transformation of the once green outdoor environment into areas full of solar-energy-absorbing concrete and asphalt. This situation has increased the discomfort of people living in these areas regardless of whether they occupy concrete structures. This is because indoor and outdoor air quality have both suffered from urbanisation. The development of urban areas has also increased energy consumption so that the occupants of buildings can enjoy indoor thermal comfort and air quality that they need via air conditioning systems. This book offers solutions to the recent increase in the number of heat islands in hot and humid regions.​
This book is devoted to the analysis and applications of energy, exergy, and environmental issues in all sectors of the economy, including industrial processes, transportation, buildings, and services. Energy sources and technologies considered are hydrocarbons, wind and solar energy, fuel cells, as well as thermal and electrical storage. This book provides theoretical insights, along with state-of-the-art case studies and examples and will appeal to the academic community, but also to energy and environmental professionals and decision makers.
The main objective of this research study was to provide understanding, supporting documentation, and tools on how pavement designs and materials selection contribute to surface and subsurface temperature fluctuations. This objective was achieved through two focus areas that outlined the scope of work of this research: thermal properties and reflectance evaluation, and heat absorption and transfer modeling. In the first focus area, the reflectance "albedo" characteristics of various concrete pavement surfaces / mix types were identified. Surface and in-depth pavement temperatures of several field sections were collected to help validate modeling efforts. Perhaps one of the most notable accomplishments in this focus area was the development of a simplified laboratory test procedure to measure the thermal conductivity of paving materials using cylindrical specimens. Laboratory tests were also conducted to measure key thermal properties of the different paving materials. These properties were used as input parameters for the pavement heat absorption and transfer model. In the second focus area, a pavement heat absorption and transfer model was developed and validated. This fundamental model accounts for the surface rates of solar radiation absorption and heat transmission of various pavements designs. It can be used for comparative evaluation for the different pavements designs in mitigating the Urban Heat Island Effect. The outcome of the two focus areas outlined above are envisioned to play a key role aiding future decision makers and designers when choosing appropriate pavement materials for their particular application. It will provide further awareness of urban heat island, and drives further municipal ordinances and building codes that incorporate environmentally appropriate materials into development and rehabilitation projects.
Both the number and percentage of people living in urban areas is growing rapidly. Up to half of the world's population is expected to be living in a city by the end of the century and there are over 170 cities in the world with populations over a million. Cities have a huge impact on the local climate and require vast quantities of energy to keep them functioning. The urban environment in turn has a big impact on the performance and needs of buildings. The size, scale and mechanism of these interactions is poorly understood and strategies to mitigate them are rarely implemented. This is the first comprehensive book to address these questions. It arises out of a programme of work (POLISTUDIES) carried out for the Save programme of the European Commission. Chapters describe not only the main problems encountered such as the heat island and canyon effects, but also a range of design solutions that can be adopted both to improve the energy performance and indoor air quality of individual buildings and to look at aspects of urban design that can reduce these climatic effects. The book concludes with some examples of innovative urban bioclimatic buildings. The project was co-ordinated by Professor Mat Santamouris from the University of Athens who is also the editor of the book. Other contributions are from the University of Thessaloniki, Greece, ENTPE, Lyons, France and the University of Stuttgart, Germany.
Heat islands are urban and suburban areas that are significantly warmer than their surroundings. Traditional, highly absorptive construction materials and a lack of effective landscaping are their main causes. Heat island problems, in terms of increased energy consumption, reduced air quality and effects on human health and mortality, are becoming more pressing as cities continue to grow and sprawl. This comprehensive book brings together the latest information about heat islands and their mitigation. The book describes how heat islands are formed, what problems they cause, which technologies mitigate heat island effects and what policies and actions can be taken to cool communities. Internationally renowned expert Lisa Gartland offers a comprehensive source of information for turning heat islands into cool communities. The author includes sections on cool roofing and cool paving, explains their benefits in detail and provides practical guidelines for their selection and installation. The book also reviews how and why to incorporate trees and vegetation around buildings, in parking lots and on green roofs.
The main objective of this research study was to provide understanding, supporting documentation, and tools on how pavement designs and materials selection contribute to surface and subsurface temperature fluctuations. This objective was achieved through two focus areas that outlined the scope of work of this research: thermal properties and reflectance evaluation, and heat absorption and transfer modeling. In the first focus area, the reflectance "albedo" characteristics of various concrete pavement surfaces / mix types were identified. Surface and in-depth pavement temperatures of several field sections were collected to help validate modeling efforts. Perhaps one of the most notable accomplishments in this focus area was the development of a simplified laboratory test procedure to measure the thermal conductivity of paving materials using cylindrical specimens. Laboratory tests were also conducted to measure key thermal properties of the different paving materials. These properties were used as input parameters for the pavement heat absorption and transfer model. In the second focus area, a pavement heat absorption and transfer model was developed and validated. This fundamental model accounts for the surface rates of solar radiation absorption and heat transmission of various pavements designs. It can be used for comparative evaluation for the different pavements designs in mitigating the Urban Heat Island Effect. The outcome of the two focus areas outlined above are envisioned to play a key role aiding future decision makers and designers when choosing appropriate pavement materials for their particular application. It will provide further awareness of urban heat island, and drives further municipal ordinances and building codes that incorporate environmentally appropriate materials into development and rehabilitation projects.
Urban Climates is the first full synthesis of modern scientific and applied research on urban climates. The book begins with an outline of what constitutes an urban ecosystem. It develops a comprehensive terminology for the subject using scale and surface classification as key constructs. It explains the physical principles governing the creation of distinct urban climates, such as airflow around buildings, the heat island, precipitation modification and air pollution, and it then illustrates how this knowledge can be applied to moderate the undesirable consequences of urban development and help create more sustainable and resilient cities. With urban climate science now a fully-fledged field, this timely book fulfills the need to bring together the disparate parts of climate research on cities into a coherent framework. It is an ideal resource for students and researchers in fields such as climatology, urban hydrology, air quality, environmental engineering and urban design.
This title provides architects and urban design professionals with an understanding of how the structure of built spaces at all scales affects microclimatic conditions in the space between buildings and analyses the interaction between microclimate and each element of the urban landscape.
This book was written by undergraduate students at The Ohio State University (OSU) who were enrolled in the class Introduction to Environmental Science. The chapters describe some of Earth's major environmental challenges and discuss ways that humans are using cutting-edge science and engineering to provide sustainable solutions to these problems. Topics are as diverse as the students, who represent virtually every department, school and college at OSU. The environmental issue that is described in each chapter is particularly important to the author, who hopes that their story will serve as inspiration to protect Earth for all life.