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Ce travail de recherche concerne l'apport de l'approche Aspect à l'ingénierie des systèmes d'information (SI) en général et aux patrons de conception en particulier. L'objectif principal de ce travail est de développer des patrons à base d'aspects afin de faciliter et de guider l'ingénierie de SI par réutilisation de patrons. Les patrons de conception par objets améliorent et accélèrent le développement en favorisant l'évolution, l'adaptation et la réutilisation de SI. Leur utilisation dans une approche strictement Objet pose cependant plusieurs problèmes et limites qui sont principalement liés à la dispersion et à l'enchevêtrement du code de leurs imitations dans l'implémentation des applications. L'approche Aspect permet de nouvelles solutions pour ces patrons contribuant à garder visible et isolée l'imitation de chaque patron dans le code des applications, afin de pallier à leurs problèmes d'utilisation et d'améliorer leur traçabilité et leur réutilisation. Toutefois, un manque de consensus sur les concepts et mécanismes fondamentaux de l'approche Aspect et la diversité des modèles et langages de programmation proposés dans ce courant de recherche rendent difficile l'expression de structures par aspects de patrons indépendamment d'une technique de programmation par aspects particulière. Pour aborder cette difficulté, nous avons adopté une approche par métamodélisation et transformation de modèles. Nous avons basé cette approche sur un métamodèle général intégrant les particularités de l'approche Aspect et deux métamodèles spécifiques à AspectJ et Hyper/J. Les trois métamodèles proposés sont définis comme étant des extensions du métamodèle d'UML. Des règles de transformation sont également proposées. Nous avons utilisé le métamodèle général pour l'expression de nouvelles solutions par aspects des patrons de conception par objets que nous considérons. Cette étude nous a permis de définir un système de huit nouveaux patrons originaux capitalisant des expertises en matière de conception par aspects. Les patrons proposés sont coordonnés et hiérarchisés ce qui permet d'offrir un cadre pour une démarche pour réaliser une conception et une programmation par aspects de qualité.
Ce travail de recherche concerne l'apport de l'approche Aspect à l'ingénierie des systèmes d'information (SI) en général et aux patrons de conception en particulier. L'objectif principal de ce travail est de développer des patrons à base d'aspects afin de faciliter et de guider l'ingénierie de SI par réutilisation de patrons. Les patrons de conception par objets améliorent et accélèrent le développement en favorisant l'évolution, l'adaptation et la réutilisation de SI. Leur utilisation dans une approche strictement Objet pose cependant plusieurs problèmes et limites qui sont principalement liés à la dispersion et à l'enchevêtrement du code de leurs imitations dans l'implémentation des applications. L'approche Aspect permet de nouvelles solutions pour ces patrons contribuant à garder visible et isolée l'imitation de chaque patron dans le code des applications, afin de pallier à leurs problèmes d'utilisation et d'améliorer leur traçabilité et leur réutilisation. Toutefois, un manque de consensus sur les concepts et mécanismes fondamentaux de l'approche Aspect et la diversité des modèles et langages de programmation proposés dans ce courant de recherche rendent difficile l'expression de structures par aspects de patrons indépendamment d'une technique de programmation par aspects particulière. Pour aborder cette difficulté, nous avons adopté une approche par métamodélisation et transformation de modèles. Nous avons basé cette approche sur un métamodèle général intégrant les particularités de l'approche Aspect et deux métamodèles spécifiques à AspectJ et Hyper/J. Les trois métamodèles proposés sont définis comme étant des extensions du métamodèle d'UML. Des règles de transformation sont également proposées. Nous avons utilisé le métamodèle général pour l'expression de nouvelles solutions par aspects des patrons de conception par objets que nous considérons. Cette étude nous a permis de définir un système de huit nouveaux patrons originaux capitalisant des expertises en matière de conception par aspects. Les patrons proposés sont coordonnés et hiérarchisés ce qui permet d'offrir un cadre pour une démarche pour réaliser une conception et une programmation par aspects de qualité.
L'objectif de ce travail de recherche est de faciliter l'ingénierie des systèmes d'information coopératifs (SIC) par la spécification de patterns logiciels réutilisables. Les patterns que nous proposons sont tout d'abord des patterns de domaine, réutilisables lors des phases d'analyse et de conception du processus d'ingénierie des SIC. S'ajoutent à ces patterns des patterns de support technique génériques constituant des structures réutilisables dédiées à l'implantation des entités spécifiées dans les patterns de conception de coopération et décrivant comment construire une application. En outre, des patterns de support d'utilisation guident le concepteur lors de la réutilisation des différents patterns proposés. Enfin, nous proposons une démarche générale de développement des SIC, par réutilisation de patterns ; cette démarche couvre l'ensemble des phases du processus d'ingénierie (analyse, conception, implantation), permet d'accélérer et de faciliter ce développement.
Papers from an October 2001 address such themes as requirements engineering, component-based development, protocols and harmonization, quality management, software architecture, workflow systems, and software testing, distributed systems, UML, commercial off-the-shelf components, e-learning applicat
Earthen architecture constitutes one of the most diverse forms of cultural heritage and one of the most challenging to preserve. It dates from all periods and is found on all continents but is particularly prevalent in Africa, where it has been a building tradition for centuries. Sites range from ancestral cities in Mali to the palaces of Abomey in Benin, from monuments and mosques in Iran and Buddhist temples on the Silk Road to Spanish missions in California. This volume's sixty-four papers address such themes as earthen architecture in Mali, the conservation of living sites, local knowledge systems and intangible aspects, seismic and other natural forces, the conservation and management of archaeological sites, research advances, and training.
"Your Mindful Compass" takes us behind the emotional curtain to see the mechanisms regulating individuals in social systems. There is great comfort and wisdom in knowing we can increase our awareness to manage the swift and ancient mechanisms of social control. We can gain greater flexibility by seeing how social controls work in systems from ants to humans. To be less controlled by others, we learn how emotional systems influence our relationship-oriented brain. People want to know what goes on in families that give rise to amazing leaders and/or terrorists. For the first time in history we can understand the systems in which we live. The social sciences have been accumulating knowledge since the early fifties as to how we are regulated by others. S. Milgram, S. Ashe, P. Zimbardo and J. Calhoun, detail the vulnerability to being duped and deceived and the difficulty of cooperating when values differ. Murray Bowen, M.D., the first researcher to observe several live-in families, for up to three years, at the National Institute of Mental Health. Describing how family members overly influence one another and distribute stress unevenly, Bowen described both how symptoms and family leaders emerge in highly stressed families. Our brain is not organized to automatically perceive that each family has an emotional system, fine-tuned by evolution and "valuing" its survival as a whole, as much as the survival of any individual. It is easier to see this emotional system function in ants or mice but not in humans. The emotional system is organized to snooker us humans: encouraging us to take sides, run away from others, to pressure others, to get sick, to blame others, and to have great difficulty in seeing our part in problems. It is hard to see that we become anxious, stressed out and even that we are difficult to deal with. But "thinking systems" can open the doors of perception, allowing us to experience the world in a different way. This book offers both coaching ideas and stories from leaders as to strategies to break out from social control by de-triangling, using paradoxes, reversals and other types of interruptions of highly linked emotional processes. Time is needed to think clearly about the automatic nature of the two against one triangle. Time and experience is required as we learn strategies to put two people together and get self outside the control of the system. In addition, it takes time to clarify and define one's principles, to know what "I" will or will not do and to be able to take a stand with others with whom we are very involved. The good news is that systems' thinking is possible for anyone. It is always possible for an individual to understand feelings and to integrate them with their more rational brains. In so doing, an individual increases his or her ability to communicate despite misunderstandings or even rejection from important others. The effort involved in creating your Mindful Compass enables us to perceive the relationship system without experiencing it's threats. The four points on the Mindful Compass are: 1) Action for Self, 2) Resistance to Forward Progress, 3) Knowledge of Social Systems and the 4) The Ability to Stand Alone. Each gives us a view of the process one enters when making an effort to define a self and build an emotional backbone. It is not easy to find our way through the social jungle. The ability to know emotional systems well enough to take a position for self and to become more differentiated is part of the natural way humans cope with pressure. Now people can use available knowledge to build an emotional backbone, by thoughtfully altering their part in the relationship system. No one knows how far one can go by making an effort to be more of a self-defined individual in relationships to others. Through increasing emotional maturity, we can find greater individual freedom at the same time that we increase our ability to cooperate and to be close to others.
A humanistic account of the changing role of technology in society, by a historian and a former Dean of Students and Undergraduate Education at MIT. When Warren Kendall Lewis left Spring Garden Farm in Delaware in 1901 to enter MIT, he had no idea that he was becoming part of a profession that would bring untold good to his country but would also contribute to the death of his family's farm. In this book written a century later, Professor Lewis's granddaughter, a cultural historian who has served in the administration of MIT, uses her grandfather's and her own experience to make sense of the rapidly changing role of technology in contemporary life. Rosalind Williams served as Dean of Students and Undergraduate Education at MIT from 1995 through 2000. From this vantage point, she watched a wave of changes, some planned and some unexpected, transform many aspects of social and working life—from how students are taught to how research and accounting are done—at this major site of technological innovation. In Retooling, she uses this local knowledge to draw more general insights into contemporary society's obsession with technology. Today technology-driven change defines human desires, anxieties, memories, imagination, and experiences of time and space in unprecedented ways. But technology, and specifically information technology, does not simply influence culture and society; it is itself inherently cultural and social. If there is to be any reconciliation between technological change and community, Williams argues, it will come from connecting technological and social innovation—a connection demonstrated in the history that unfolds in this absorbing book.
SCIENCE AND EMPIRES: FROM THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM TO THE BOOK Patrick PETITJEAN, Catherine JAMI and Anne Marie MOULIN The International Colloquium "Science and Empires - Historical Studies about Scientific De velopment and European Expansion" is the product of an International Colloquium, "Sciences and Empires - A Comparative History of Scien tific Exchanges: European Expansion and Scientific Development in Asian, African, American and Oceanian Countries". Organized by the REHSEIS group (Research on Epistemology and History of Exact Sciences and Scientific Institutions) of CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), the colloquium was held from 3 to 6 April 1990 in the UNESCO building in Paris. This colloquium was an idea of Professor Roshdi Rashed who initiated this field of studies in France some years ago, and proposed "Sciences and Empires" as one of the main research programmes for the The project to organize such a colloquium was a bit REHSEIS group. of a gamble. Its subject, reflected in the title "Sciences and Empires", is not a currently-accepted sub-discipline of the history of science; rather, it refers to a set of questions which found autonomy only recently. The terminology was strongly debated by the participants and, as is frequently suggested in this book, awaits fuller clarification.
"Using the example of the aircraft industry, which takes him like an arrow to the heart of many of the key conflicts in French life between 1936 and 1948, Herrick Chapman has written a penetrating and exceptionally well documented account of the way that France developed her present style of industrial relations, in which the state plays such a central role. No book I know so successfully integrates the history of aviation . . . with the political and social history of France. Both thorough and thoughtful, it is an impressive achievement."--Robert Wohl, University of California, Los Angeles "An unusual, innovative book based on impressive research that throws new light in a major way on twentieth-century French politics and society . . . one of the most interesting and original monographs in modern French history in a long time."--Robert O. Paxton, Columbia University "This is a breakthrough of considerable importance. [Chapman] will become the leading North American, perhaps even English-speaking, historian of contemporary France."--George Ross, Brandeis University
Repackaged with a new afterword, this "valuable and entertaining" (New York Times Book Review) book explores how scientists are adapting nature's best ideas to solve tough 21st century problems. Biomimicry is rapidly transforming life on earth. Biomimics study nature's most successful ideas over the past 3.5 million years, and adapt them for human use. The results are revolutionizing how materials are invented and how we compute, heal ourselves, repair the environment, and feed the world. Janine Benyus takes readers into the lab and in the field with maverick thinkers as they: discover miracle drugs by watching what chimps eat when they're sick; learn how to create by watching spiders weave fibers; harness energy by examining how a leaf converts sunlight into fuel in trillionths of a second; and many more examples. Composed of stories of vision and invention, personalities and pipe dreams, Biomimicry is must reading for anyone interested in the shape of our future.