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This multidisciplinary book provides a systematic introduction to the analysis of passive sensor array imaging using ambient noise sources.
Waves generated by opportunistic or ambient noise sources and recorded by passive sensor arrays can be used to image the medium through which they travel. Spectacular results have been obtained in seismic interferometry, which open up new perspectives in acoustics, electromagnetics, and optics. The authors present, for the first time in book form, a self-contained and unified account of correlation-based and ambient noise imaging. In order to facilitate understanding of the core material, they also address a number of related topics in conventional sensor array imaging, wave propagation in random media, and high-frequency asymptotics for wave propagation. Taking a multidisciplinary approach, the book uses mathematical tools from probability, partial differential equations and asymptotic analysis, combined with the physics of wave propagation and modelling of imaging modalities. Suitable for applied mathematicians and geophysicists, it is also accessible to graduate students in applied mathematics, physics, and engineering.
An approximate of the Green's function can be obtained by taking the cross-correlation of ambient noise that has been simultaneously recorded on separate sensors. This method is applied for two experiments, which illustrate the advantages and challenges of this technique. The first experiment is in the ultrasonic regime [5-30] MHz and uses capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer arrays to image the near field and compares the passive imaging to the conventional pulse-echo imaging. Both the array and target are immersed in a fluid with the sensors recording the fluid's random thermal-mechanical motion as the ambient noise. The second experiment is a passive ocean monitoring experiment, which uses spatiotemporal filtering to rapidly extract coherent arrivals between two vertical line arrays. In this case the ambient noise in the frequency band [250 1500] Hz is dominated by non-stationary shipping noise. For imaging purposes, the cross-correlation needs to extract the Green's function so that the imaging can be done correctly. While for monitoring purposes, the important feature is the change in arrivals, which corresponds to the environment changing. Results of both experiments are presented along with the advantages of this passive method over the more accepted active methods.
A comprehensive overview of seismic ambient noise, covering observations, physical origins, modelling, processing methods and applications in imaging and monitoring.
A method is proposed to detect and estimate the location of the spherical inclusion in the homogeneous isotopic elastic medium. The signals are emitted by ambient noise sources and recorded by a sensor array. The vector nature of elastic waves is exploited to find a proper imaging function to detect and locate the inclusion. We consider imaging of a spherical inclusion using seismic wave recordings.
Active seismic surveys for subsurface imaging are expensive and logistically difficult in populated areas where they have potential to impact day-to-day life, so continuous monitoring experiments are rarely done. I combine two methods to make continuous subsurface monitoring cheaper: estimating wave equation Green's functions from passive vibration recordings, and measuring meter-scale strain rate profiles along fiber optic cables which may already exist in urban areas or can easily be installed. These methods may make continuous high-resolution subsurface imaging possible where it was not previously, but there are challenges. The shift from particle velocity data of seismometers to axial strain rates recorded by fibers leads to different responses to the same source. Additionally, signals extracted from ambient seismic noise interferometry are masked by a fundamentally different receiver response. I use data from multiple fiber optic surface arrays: two with fiber directly coupled to the ground intended for permafrost thaw monitoring, and one with fiber sitting loosely in existing telecommunications conduits. Although these data look different, the arrival times of earthquakes at known times verify that the arrays record vibrations over a wide range of frequencies. Care must be taken to understand and mitigate the effects of non-ideal anthropogenic noise when doing ambient seismic noise in urban areas and around infrastructure. I use interferometry to extract repeatable signals for near-surface geotechnical characterization near infrastructure, even between fiber channels that are not collinear. I investigate temporal stability and changes in signals extracted throughout large arrays in the presence of a changing subsurface and noise field. As ambient noise practitioners begin using denser arrays, the typical cross-correlation process can become expensive, so I propose a new algorithm for dispersion image calculation that is an order of magnitude faster and parallelizable.
The past few decades have witnessed the growth of the Earth Sciences in the pursuit of knowledge and understanding of the planet that we live on. This development addresses the challenging endeavor to enrich human lives with the bounties of Nature as well as to preserve the planet for the generations to come. Solid Earth Geophysics aspires to define and quantify the internal structure and processes of the Earth in terms of the principles of physics and forms the intrinsic framework, which other allied disciplines utilize for more specific investigations. The first edition of the Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics was published in 1989 by Van Nostrand Reinhold publishing company. More than two decades later, this new volume, edited by Prof. Harsh K. Gupta, represents a thoroughly revised and expanded reference work. It brings together more than 200 articles covering established and new concepts of Geophysics across the various sub-disciplines such as Gravity, Geodesy, Geomagnetism, Seismology, Seismics, Deep Earth Processes, Plate Tectonics, Thermal Domains, Computational Methods, etc. in a systematic and consistent format and standard. It is an authoritative and current reference source with extraordinary width of scope. It draws its unique strength from the expert contributions of editors and authors across the globe. It is designed to serve as a valuable and cherished source of information for current and future generations of professionals.
Including more than 70 papers, this invaluable source for researchers and students contains an editors' introduction with extensive references and chapters on seismic interferometry without equations, highlights of the history of seismic interferometry from 1968 until 2003, and offers a detailed overview of the rapid developments since 2004.
The Proceedings of the ICM publishes the talks, by invited speakers, at the conference organized by the International Mathematical Union every 4 years. It covers several areas of Mathematics and it includes the Fields Medal and Nevanlinna, Gauss and Leelavati Prizes and the Chern Medal laudatios.