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This survey explores the history of the arithmetical triangle, from its roots in Pythagorean arithmetic, Hindu combinatorics, and Arabic algebra to its influence on Newton and Leibniz as well as modern-day mathematicians.
"A fascinating book... giving new insights into the early history of probability theory and combinatorics, and incidentally providing much stimulating material for teachers of mathematics." -- International Statistical Institute Review
Pascal's triangle and where to find it - Number patterns within Pascal's triangle - Figurate numbers and Pascal's triangle - Higher dimensional figurate numbers - Counting problems.
Prepare to be intrigued by the many facets of the properties of the amazing array of numbers known as Pascal's Triangle and its many relatives. Some of the topics you will find: Polytopes Simplexes and the Simplex Triangle Tetrahedral, and higher dimensional figurate numbers Duplexes and The Duplex Triangle Geometric Duplication - Cubes and Hypercubes Vandermonde's Identity for the Duplex Triangle and the Triplex Triangle Euler's formula for Simplexes and Duplexes Recurrent Sequences in Pascal's Triangle and its Relatives Including the Fibonacci, Pell and Jacobsthal Sequences Pythagorean Triples - Related to the Sequences Listed Above Properties Involving String Products and more. There is a comprehensive index that will allow readers to easily search for topics of their interest. One goal is to provide a vehicle to the discovery of some higher mathematics related to higher dimensional geometric figures, at an entry level for the young beginning researcher by including many exercises that ask for verification of a pattern by testing specific cases and conjecturing a generalization of the pattern. Another major goal was to make available source materials for mathematics teachers to use in their classes. Included are many topics suitable for introducing students, at the pre-college level, to the sense of satisfaction one receives while exploring and discovering significant parts of advanced mathematics. I hope you will enjoy exploring this amazing Arithmetic Triangle and its relatives as much as I have. There is still much more to be discovered, of that I am certain. Teachers and students are eligible for special discounts for purchases of this book. Send an email to [email protected] for information on qualifying for a discount code to use before ordering.
Amid the unrest, dislocation, and uncertainty of seventeenth-century Europe, readers seeking consolation and assurance turned to philosophical and scientific books that offered ways of conquering fears and training the mind—guidance for living a good life. The Good Life in the Scientific Revolution presents a triptych showing how three key early modern scientists, René Descartes, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz, envisioned their new work as useful for cultivating virtue and for pursuing a good life. Their scientific and philosophical innovations stemmed in part from their understanding of mathematics and science as cognitive and spiritual exercises that could create a truer mental and spiritual nobility. In portraying the rich contexts surrounding Descartes’ geometry, Pascal’s arithmetical triangle, and Leibniz’s calculus, Matthew L. Jones argues that this drive for moral therapeutics guided important developments of early modern philosophy and the Scientific Revolution.
Who first presented Pascal's triangle? (It was not Pascal.) Who first presented Hamiltonian graphs? (It was not Hamilton.) Who first presented Steiner triple systems? (It was not Steiner.) The history of mathematics is a well-studied and vibrant area of research, with books and scholarly articles published on various aspects of the subject. Yet, the history of combinatorics seems to have been largely overlooked. This book goes some way to redress this and serves two main purposes: 1) it constitutes the first book-length survey of the history of combinatorics; and 2) it assembles, for the first time in a single source, researches on the history of combinatorics that would otherwise be inaccessible to the general reader. Individual chapters have been contributed by sixteen experts. The book opens with an introduction by Donald E. Knuth to two thousand years of combinatorics. This is followed by seven chapters on early combinatorics, leading from Indian and Chinese writings on permutations to late-Renaissance publications on the arithmetical triangle. The next seven chapters trace the subsequent story, from Euler's contributions to such wide-ranging topics as partitions, polyhedra, and latin squares to the 20th century advances in combinatorial set theory, enumeration, and graph theory. The book concludes with some combinatorial reflections by the distinguished combinatorialist, Peter J. Cameron. This book is not expected to be read from cover to cover, although it can be. Rather, it aims to serve as a valuable resource to a variety of audiences. Combinatorialists with little or no knowledge about the development of their subject will find the historical treatment stimulating. A historian of mathematics will view its assorted surveys as an encouragement for further research in combinatorics. The more general reader will discover an introduction to a fascinating and too little known subject that continues to stimulate and inspire the work of scholars today.
Starting with the simple rule which generates the numbers in Pascal's Triangle, it is remarkable how many other patterns and properties there are to discover. Any teacher who would like to convey something of the wonder of mathematics to a class at almost any level would find little better than the material contained in this book. It offers potential for investigations and topics at levels from primary up to Sixth Form.
For anyone interested in mathematics or its history, Cogwheels of the Mind is invaluable and compelling reading.
Pensées - Blaise Pascal - The Pensées ("Thoughts") is a collection of fragments written by the French 17th-century philosopher and mathematician Blaise Pascal. Pascal's religious conversion led him into a life of asceticism, and the Pensées was in many ways his life's work. It represented Pascal's defense of the Christian religion, and the concept of "Pascal's wager" stems from a portion of this work. The Pensées is the name given posthumously to fragments that Pascal had been preparing for an apology for Christianity, which was never completed. That envisioned work is often referred to as the Apology for the Christian Religion, although Pascal never used that title. Although the Pensées appears to consist of ideas and jottings, some of which are incomplete, it is believed that Pascal had, prior to his death in 1662, already planned out the order of the book and had begun the task of cutting and pasting his draft notes into a coherent form. His task incomplete, subsequent editors have disagreed on the order, if any, in which his writings should be read. Those responsible for his effects, failing to recognize the basic structure of the work, handed them over to be edited, and they were published in 1670. The first English translation was made in 1688 by John Walker. Another English translation by W. F. Trotter was published in 1958. The proper order of the Pensées is heavily disputed. Several attempts have been made to arrange the notes systematically; notable editions include those of Léon Brunschvicg, Jacques Chevalier, Louis Lafuma and (more recently) Philippe Sellier. Although Brunschvicg tried to classify the posthumous fragments according to themes, recent research has prompted Sellier to choose entirely different classifications, as Pascal often examined the same event or example through many different lenses. Also noteworthy is the monumental edition of Pascal's Œuvres complètes (1964–1992), which is known as the Tercentenary Edition and was realized by Jean Mesnard; although still incomplete, this edition reviews the dating, history and critical bibliography of each of Pascal's texts.
Before the mid-seventeenth century, scholars generally agreed that it was impossible to predict something by calculating mathematical outcomes. One simply could not put a numerical value on the likelihood that a particular event would occur. Even the outcome of something as simple as a dice roll or the likelihood of showers instead of sunshine was thought to lie in the realm of pure, unknowable chance. The issue remained intractable until Blaise Pascal wrote to Pierre de Fermat in 1654, outlining a solution to the "unfinished game" problem: how do you divide the pot when players are forced to.