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Therapeutic protein drug products are used in the treatment and mitigation of human diseases for which no or very few alternative therapies are available e.g. Factor VIII, insulin, erythropoietin, interferon alpha, bevacizumab, etanercept etc. Siliconized prefilled syringes are often utilized as a primary container for therapeutic protein drug products. Despite efforts to maintain high product quality, the formation of unwanted particles is occasionally observed in therapeutic protein formulations in siliconized prefilled syringes. During the last few years, interest in sub-visible particles in therapeutic protein drug products has significantly increased due to its potential of eliciting an adverse immunogenic response. Consequently, evaluating the source and level of sub-visible particles in therapeutic protein drug products is important. In the studies that comprise my thesis, it was found that agitation of therapeutic protein formulations in the presence of siliconized beads accelerated the formation of sub-visible particles. Perturbation of the tertiary structure of therapeutic protein resulted from adsorption at the silicone oil-water interface. The addition of excipients, such as sucrose and sodium chloride, reduced tertiary structural changes. Lastly we found that rupturing the therapeutic protein layer at the air-water or silicone oil-water interface(s) accelerated the formation of sub-visible particles in therapeutic protein formulations. Overall, the work described in this thesis demonstrates that assessment of sub-visible particles in therapeutic protein formulations advances our understanding of therapeutic protein stability in the presence of silicone oil droplets/siliconized interfaces.
Therapeutic protein drug products provides a comprehensive overview of therapeutic protein drug products, with an emphasis on formulation beginning in the laboratory, followed by manufacturing and administration in the clinic. A list of many commercial therapeutic drug products are described and include the product name, dosages, active concentration, buffer, excipients, Ph, container type and route of administration. The laboratory formulation sections focus on the most common buffers, excipients, and Ph ranges that are commonly tested in addition to systematic approaches. A brief section on biophysical and analytical analysis is also provided. Properties of therapeutic protein formulations are described and include opalescence, phase separation, color, and subvisible particles. An emphasis is placed on material and process testing to ensure success during manufacturing. The drug product manufacturing process, which includes the process of compounding to filling, is also covered. Methods of delivery in the clinic are addressed, as well as delivery strategies. Finally, a perspective on the regulatory requirements for therapeutic protein formulations is discussed. Provides a list and description of commercially available therapeutic drug products and their formulations A comprehensive and practical overview of protein formulation in the laboratory, manufacturing, and the clinic Discusses recent topics including high protein concentration, phase separation, opalescence, and subvisible particles
This title is intended to assist pharmaceutical scientists in the development of stable protein formulations during the early stages of the product development process, providing a comprehensive review of mechanisms and causes of protein instability in formulation development, coverage of accelerated stability testing methods and relevant analytica
Teaches future and current drug developers the latest innovations in drug formulation design and optimization This highly accessible, practice-oriented book examines current approaches in the development of drug formulations for preclinical and clinical studies, including the use of functional excipients to enhance solubility and stability. It covers oral, intravenous, topical, and parenteral administration routes. The book also discusses safety aspects of drugs and excipients, as well as regulatory issues relevant to formulation. Innovative Dosage Forms: Design and Development at Early Stage starts with a look at the impact of the polymorphic form of drugs on the preformulation and formulation development. It then offers readers reliable strategies for the formulation development of poorly soluble drugs. The book also studies the role of reactive impurities from the excipients on the formulation shelf life; preclinical formulation assessment of new chemical entities; and regulatory aspects for formulation design. Other chapters cover innovative formulations for special indications, including oncology injectables, delayed release and depot formulations; accessing pharmacokinetics of various dosage forms; physical characterization techniques to assess amorphous nature; novel formulations for protein oral dosage; and more. -Provides information that is essential for the drug development effort -Presents the latest advances in the field and describes in detail innovative formulations, such as nanosuspensions, micelles, and cocrystals -Describes current approaches in early pre-formulation to achieve the best in vivo results -Addresses regulatory and safety aspects, which are key considerations for pharmaceutical companies -Includes case studies from recent drug development programs to illustrate the practical challenges of preformulation design Innovative Dosage Forms: Design and Development at Early Stage provides valuable benefits to interdisciplinary drug discovery teams working in industry and academia and will appeal to medicinal chemists, pharmaceutical chemists, and pharmacologists.
This book describes how to address the analysis of aggregates and particles in protein pharmaceuticals, provides a comprehensive overview of current methods and integrated approaches used to quantify and characterize aggregates and particles, and discusses regulatory requirements. Analytical methods covered in the book include separation, light scattering, microscopy, and spectroscopy.
With the recent completion of the sequencing of the human genome, it is widely anticipated that the number of potential new protein drugs and targets will escalate at an even greater rate than that observed in recent years. However, identification of a potential target is only part of the process in developing these new next generation protein-based “drugs” that are increasingly being used to treat human disease. Once a potential protein drug has been identified, the next rate-limiting step on the road to development is the production of sufficient authentic material for testing, charact- ization, clinical trials, and so on. If a protein drug does actually make it through this lengthy and costly process, methodology that allows the production of the protein on a scale large enough to meet demand must be implemented. Furthermore, large-scale production must not compromise the authenticity of the final product. It is also nec- sary to have robust methods for the purification, characterization, viral inactivation and continued testing of the authenticity of the final protein product and to be able to formulate it in a manner that retains both its biological activity and lends itself to easy administration. Therapeutic Proteins: Methods and Protocols covers all aspects of protein drug production downstream of the discovery stage. This volume contains contributions from leaders in the field of therapeutic protein expression, purification, characterization, f- mulation, and viral inactivation.
Therapeutic protein formulations encounter a multitude of different surfaces in every part of their production, packaging, storage and administration to patients. These interfaces can be very different---chemically---from the formulation's solution chemistry and can have unintended, negative effects on the formulation. Protein molecules can adsorb to these surfaces, which can induce structural perturbations in the therapeutic and promote aggregation. Components from the formulation can be absorbed into the surfaces, altering the formulation solution conditions, which can bring about additional stresses on the therapeutic. Formulations can even chemically modify surfaces they come in contact with, altering the surface properties. Understanding such interactions between formulations components and surfaces is critical to developing better storage and delivery devices and improved formulations. In this work, I examined the pharmaceutical compatibility of a novel syringe plunger coating---designed to be used in silicone oil-free, pre-filled syringes---and found it to cause much less protein aggregation during agitation than was observed in a traditional siliconized syringe. Second, I found that plastics found in catheters absorbed phenolic compounds from insulin analog formulations and that this depletion had a profound impact on different insulin analogs' assembly states and stabilities under thermal stress. Finally, I also found that zinc ions, found in insulin formulations as well, chemically damaged analytical size exclusion chromatography columns, which are used to monitor soluble aggregates of insulin in therapeutic formulations.
This book can be used to provide insight into this important application of biophysics for those who are planning a career in protein therapeutic development, and for those outside this area who are interested in understanding it better. The initial chapters describe the underlying theory, and strengths and weaknesses of the different techniques commonly used during therapeutic development. The majority of the chapters discuss the applications of these techniques, including case studies, across the product lifecycle from early discovery, where the focus is on identifying targets, and screening for potential drug product candidates, through expression and purification, large scale production, formulation development, lot-to-lot comparability studies, and commercial support including investigations.
In this volume, the authors discuss the many significant challenges currently faced in biotechnology dosage form development, providing guidance, shared experience and thoughtful reflection on how best to address these potential concerns. As the field of therapeutic recombinant therapeutic proteins enters its fourth decade and the market for biopharmaceuticals becomes increasingly competitive, companies are increasingly dedicating resources to develop innovative biopharmaceuticals to address unmet medical needs. Often, the pharmaceutical development scientist is encountering challenging pharmaceutical properties of a given protein or by the demands placed on the product by stability, manufacturing and preclinical or clinical expectations, as well as the evolving regulatory expectations and landscape. Further, there have been new findings that require close assessment, as for example those related to excipient quality, processing, viscosity and device compatibility and administration, solubility and opalescence and container-closure selection. The literature varies widely in its discussion of these critical elements and consensus does not exist. This topic is receiving a great deal of attention within the biotechnology industry as well as with academic researchers and regulatory agencies globally. Therefore, this book is of interest for business leaders, researchers, formulation and process development scientists, analytical scientists, QA and QC officers, regulatory staff, manufacturing leaders and regulators active in the pharmaceutical and biotech industry, and expert reviewers in regulatory agencies.
The rapid advances in recombinant DNA technology and the increasing availability of peptides and proteins with therapeutic potential are a challenge for pharmaceutical scientists who have to formulate these compounds as drug products. Pharmaceutical Formulation Development of Peptides and Proteins, Second Edition discusses the development of therap