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Silica chemistry provides a uniquely tunable platform for nanoparticle synthesis, where particle size, nanoscale morphology, and surface properties can be precisely controlled. Recent advances demonstrate that conveniently accessible parameters, including silica precursor chemistry, solvent, and reaction pH, can be used to tune particle size down to below 10 nm. By cooperative assembly of inorganic silica species and organic molecular structure directing agents, a diverse range of mesoporous silica nanoparticles with hexagonal, cubic, and multicompartment structures can be produced. This versatile chemistry provides pathways for answering fundamental questions about structure formation and developing novel functional nanomaterials for applications including separation, catalysis, and drug delivery. In this dissertation, two examples of such silica nanoparticle systems are discussed. As a first example, the development of an intensity-based fluorescent silica nanoparticle barcode is discussed. This work is motivated by a need for fluorescent tags that increase the number of molecular species that can be simultaneously labeled and reliably distinguished using commercially available fluorescence microscopes. In this study, the synthetic parameters that govern the incorporation of precisely controlled numbers of fluorescent dyes into silica nanoparticles in batch reactions are identified. Heterogeneities within particle batches are mapped using single particle fluorescence microscopy. Proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate that fluorescent silica nanoparticles with well-separated high and low fluorescence intensity distribution levels can be synthesized in batch reactions and used as an intensity barcode in fluorescence microscopy. In the second example, a mesoporous silica nanoparticle system, structure directed by surfactant-micelle self-assembly, is investigated. As a function of an added pore expander molecule or reaction stirring rate, a series of four distinct mesoporous silica nanoparticle structures is observed: hexagonal, cubic/hexagonal multicompartment, cubic, and dodecagonal quasicrystalline. The mechanism driving the structural transition between cubic crystalline and dodecagonal quasicrystalline mesoporous silica nanoparticles is investigated. Control of nanoparticle size down to a single tiling unit (
We can use the short text on the SI page for the description, or you make slight modifications on it. The description/summary is only for promotion (flyer, distribution channels), and will not be included in the book You can use the short text on the SI page for the description Nanovesicles are highly-promising systems for the delivery and/or targeting of drugs, biomolecules and contrast agents. Despite the fact that initial studies in this area were performed on phospholipid vesicles, there is an ever-increasing interest in the use of other molecules to obtain smart vesicular carriers focusing on strategies for targeted delivery. These systems can be obtained using newly synthesized smart molecules, or by intelligent design of opportune carriers to achieve specific delivery to the site of action. The drug/contrast agent-containing vesicles need to be directed to precise locations within the body to obtain desired magnitude and duration of the therapeutic or diagnostic effect. This spatial control in the delivery might open new avenues to modulate drug activity while avoiding side-effects and to optimize contrast agent properties while avoiding a broad distribution in the organism. However, delivering and targeting active substances into specific tissues and cells is still a challenge in designing novel therapeutic approaches against untreatable disorders, such as tumors and degenerative diseases.
Porous materials have been shown in nature to be extremely useful for the intended applications. These naturally porous materials have inspired a vast array of synthetic porous materials, especially with the pore sizes in the nanoscale. Of particular interest are the mesoporous materials which have pores in the range of 2 - 50 nm. Thus the pores are the optimum sizes for a wide range of applications being large enough to adsorb/host the larger molecules (bio-molecules) yet small enough to entrap them. Mesoporous silica is of particular interest as its characteristic high surface areas, controllable mesostructures and pore size, coupled with high chemical and thermal stability and availability for surface functionalization could be ideal for a range of applications including adsorption, catalysis, or as drug carriers and biosensors due to their biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity.Traditionally mesoporous silica is synthesised through a "wet chemistry" or solvent evaporation method whereby the mesostructures form in solution and are recovered as the precipitate. However, conventional solution or solvent-evaporation precipitation procedures to synthesize mesoporous materials do present several drawbacks. Firstly, most of them are still conducted in time-consuming and costly batch operations that are not amenable to scalable fabrication. More importantly, most mesoporous silica materials produced via hydrothermal methods are fine powders with non-uniform and/or small sizes, which often have to be post shaped to uniform and large microparticles before use in real applications. Evaporation methods, on the other hand, enable high precision in either particle diameter or thickness of film to produce the particle sizes that are better suited for practical applications, such as in adsorption, separation and catalysis, and packed columns where dynamic streams with high pressure, temperature and fluid flow are often involved. Therefore, fast and scalable fabrication of uniform mesoporous silica microparticles with large geometrical sizes (tens of micrometers) and mesopore size (> 2 - 50 nm) is preferred as they can provide large surface area with accessible pore volumes, without inducing excessive fluid pressure drop across the bed.An alternative method for the synthesis of mesoporous silicas is evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) which is the result of competition between condensation of silica and self-assembly of micelles. The EISA process facilitates the control of the final structure though chemical parameters such as the composition of the precursor solution, pH, and aging time, and through processing parameters such as the evaporation rate (partial vapour pressures, temperature, convection), and droplet diameter. Spray drying offers a fast and scalable method of producing mesoporous silica, yet the mechanism behind the self-assembly and the effect of many parameters has yet to be fully elucidated. There are also drawbacks associated with spray drying that are not present in more traditional methods that must be overcome in order for it to be useful in a wide range of applications. These gaps in the knowledge with regards to effects of parameters (drying temperature, initial solute content, precursor composition, solvent, hydrolysis time, post-synthesis treatment) and possible mechanisms are explored in this thesis. We have found that the mesostructure is dependent on the composition of the precursor and for SBA-15 the inlet temperature, while the particle size and shape can be controlled through the initial solute content, inlet temperature, solvent, and hydrolysis time. We propose that the mechanism of assembly is the result of a "wet-pocket" formation with the mesostructure not fully set in the initial spray drying phase, instead it continues to self-organise during secondary drying. The drawbacks, such as the skin that is the result of spray drying which reduces the efficacy of the product in applications, have been overcome through the use of post-synthesis hydrothermal treatments and the addition of co-templates.
Biological and Pharmaceutical Applications of Nanomaterials presents the findings of cutting-edge research activities in the field of nanomaterials, with a particular emphasis on biological and pharmaceutical applications. Divided into four sections-nanomaterials for drug delivery, antimicrobial nanomaterials, nanomaterials in biosensors, and safet
In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the preparation, properties and use of silica nanoparticles. Topics discussed include the reactivity of inorganic radicals and excited triplet states in colloidal silica suspensions; multifunctional mesoporous silica nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery, multimodal imaging and simultaneous imaging and drug delivery; monodisperse luminescent silica nanoparticles and their application to DNA microarray technology.
DIATOM MORPHOGENESIS A unique book presenting the range of silica structures formed by diatoms, theories and hypotheses of how they are made, and applications to nanotechnology by use or imitation of diatom morphogenesis. There are up to 200,000 species of diatoms, each species of these algal cells bearing an ornate, amorphous silica glass shell. The silica is structured at 7 orders of magnitude size range and is thus the most complex multiscalar solid structure known. Recent research is beginning to unravel how a single cell marshals chemical, physical, biochemical, genetic, and cytoskeletal processes to produce these single-cell marvels. The field of diatom nanotechnology is advancing as this understanding matures. Diatoms have been actively studied over the recent 10-20 years with various modern equipment, experimental and computer simulation approaches, including molecular biology, fluorescence-based methods, electron, confocal, and AFM microscopy. This has resulted in a huge amount of information but the key stages of their silica morphogenesis are still not clear. This is the time to reconsider and consolidate the work performed so far and to understand how we can go ahead. The main objective of this book is to describe the actual situation in the science of diatom morphogenesis, to specify the most important unresolved questions, and to present the corresponding hypotheses. The following areas are discussed: A tutorial chapter, with a glossary for newcomers to the field, who are often from outside of biology, let alone phycology; Diatom Morphogenesis: general issues, including symmetry and size issues; Diatom Morphogenesis: simulation, including analytical and numerical methods for description of the diatom valve shape and pore structure; Diatom Morphogenesis: physiology, biochemistry, and applications, including the relationship between taxonomy and physiology, biosilicification hypotheses, and ideas about applications of diatoms. Audience Researchers, scientists, and graduate students in the fields of phycology, general biology, marine sciences, the chemistry of silica, materials science, and ecology.
Porous materials are of scientific and technological importance because of the presence of voids of controllable dimensions at the atomic, molecular, and nanometer scales, enabling them to discriminate and interact with molecules and clusters. Interestingly the big deal about this class of materials is about the “nothingness” within — the pore space. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) classifies porous materials into three categories — micropores of less than 2 nm in diameter, mesopores between 2 and 50 nm, and macropores of greater than 50 nm. In this book, nanoporous materials are defined as those porous materials with pore diameters less than 100 nm.Over the last decade, there has been an ever increasing interest and research effort in the synthesis, characterization, functionalization, molecular modeling and design of nanoporous materials. The main challenges in research include the fundamental understanding of structure-property relations and tailor-design of nanostructures for specific properties and applications. Research efforts in this field have been driven by the rapid growing emerging applications such as biosensor, drug delivery, gas separation, energy storage and fuel cell technology, nanocatalysis and photonics. These applications offer exciting new opportunities for scientists to develop new strategies and techniques for the synthesis and applications of these materials.This book provides a series of systematic reviews of the recent developments in nanoporous materials. It covers the following topics: (1) synthesis, processing, characterization and property evaluation; (2) functionalization by physical and/or chemical treatments; (3) experimental and computational studies on fundamental properties, such as catalytic effects, transport and adsorption, molecular sieving and biosorption; (4) applications, including photonic devices, catalysis, environmental pollution control, biological molecules separation and isolation, sensors, membranes, hydrogen and energy storage, etc./a
With its exploration of the scientific and technological characteristics of systems exploiting molecular recognition between synthetic materials, such as polymers and nanoparticles, and biological entities, this is a truly multidisciplinary book bridging chemistry, life sciences, pharmacology and medicine. The authors introduce innovative biomimetic chemical assemblies which constitute platforms for recruitment of cellular components or biological molecules, while also focusing on physical, chemical, and biological aspects of biomolecular recognition. The diverse applications covered include biosensors, cell adhesion, synthetic receptors, cell patterning, bioactive nanoparticles, and drug design.