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This dissertation focuses on the fate and the movement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from contaminated soil. The main objectives of this study are to understand the relationship between PAH association with contaminated soil and its availability, and to provide fundamental understandings of mass transfer phenomena of PAHs between the soil or sediment and its surroundings in the aspect of in-situ stabilization of the contaminant by adding sorbent. As a case study, a PAH-contaminated industrial site soil was studied. Various carbonaceous materials including coal, coke, pitch, and tar decanter sludge were identified and most of the PAHs were found to be associated with the polymeric matrix of tar sludge or hard pitch as discrete particles, or as coatings on soil mineral particles, or as complex aggregates. The PAH availability from these particles was very low due to the hindered diffusive release with very small apparent diffusivities. Significant concentrations of PAHs were observed in the interior of solid tar aggregates. The release of PAHs from the interior of such particles would require diffusion over a substantial distance. These findings explain the results from three years of phytoremediation of the site soil, for which no significant changes in the total PAH concentrations were observed in the test plot samples. Sorption isotherms and kinetics were studied for phenantherene and pyrene with organic model sorbents: polyoxymethylene (POM), coke, and activated carbon (AC). These findings were combined with the direct observation of the diffusion of phenanthrene and pyrene using microprobe laser-desorption laser-ionization mass spectroscopy (muL2MS). POM showed reasonable agreement between the independent muL2MS-measurements and the predicted intraparticle concentration profiles from kinetic batch experiments and a polymer diffusion model. For coke and AC, the muL 2MS-measurements showed faster radial diffusion into the particle interior than predicted from diffusion models. A numerical model based on the intraparticle diffusion was employed to simulate long-term effects of sorbent amendment on changes in aqueous concentration and mass transfer between different soil domains. The model could reproduce the laboratory scale experiments qualitatively. The model was applied to different contamination scenarios and provided sound predictions of the likely long-term changes in the system.
This book reviews Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Nitropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (NPAHs) contamination in the context of environmental pollution in Asia. It is comprised of the following sections: 1. Fundamental Chemistry and General Characteristics; 2. Analytical Methods; 3. Emission Source and Atmospheric Behavior; 4. Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and PM2.5; 5. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Marine Environments; 6. Metabolic Activation/Toxicities; and 7. Environmental Standards and Guidelines. This volume concentrates on the Far East due to the massive consumption of coal and petroleum in China, which has led to considerable levels of air pollution. High concentration of atmospheric PM2.5 in Beijing have been reported since January 2013 and exposure to such high concentrations may cause respiratory, cardiac and lung diseases. Gathering contributions from international experts, this volume provides a valuable reference guide for global researchers and students interested in learning from the East Asian experience.
Bioavailability refers to the extent to which humans and ecological receptors are exposed to contaminants in soil or sediment. The concept of bioavailability has recently piqued the interest of the hazardous waste industry as an important consideration in deciding how much waste to clean up. The rationale is that if contaminants in soil and sediment are not bioavailable, then more contaminant mass can be left in place without creating additional risk. A new NRC report notes that the potential for the consideration of bioavailability to influence decision-making is greatest where certain chemical, environmental, and regulatory factors align. The current use of bioavailability in risk assessment and hazardous waste cleanup regulations is demystified, and acceptable tools and models for bioavailability assessment are discussed and ranked according to seven criteria. Finally, the intimate link between bioavailability and bioremediation is explored. The report concludes with suggestions for moving bioavailability forward in the regulatory arena for both soil and sediment cleanup.
Indexes material from conference proceedings and hard-to-find documents, in addition to journal articles. Over 1,000 journals are indexed and literature published from 1981 to the present is covered. Topics in pollution and its management are extensively covered from the standpoints of atmosphere, emissions, mathematical models, effects on people and animals, and environmental action. Major areas of coverage include: air pollution, marine pollution, freshwater pollution, sewage and wastewater treatment, waste management, land pollution, toxicology and health, noise, and radiation.