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Coupling the s-CO2 Brayton cycle to the advanced nuclear reactors generally requires an intermediate heat exchanger (IHX). From an economic viewpoint, it is important to reduce the size and cost of IHX, but at the same time, the thermal hydraulic performances should not be deteriorated. Printed-circuit heat exchanger (PCHE), one of advanced compact heat exchangers, has been demonstrated as a competitive candidate. This thesis mainly focuses on designing a PCHE-type advanced IHX with innovative surface geometry with thermal, economic and mechanical consideration. Among the four outstanding surface geometries, zigzag and S-shaped fin channels are selected for a helium-to-s-CO2 IHX. Since the thermal-hydraulic correlations of the zigzag channel with a variety of geometrical parameters are available, a thermal-economic optimization is carried out to optimize the design of zigzag channel. For such multi-objective optimization problem, the annual total cost and heat exchanger thermal effectiveness are selected as two objectives functions. NSGA-II (a fast and elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm), one of the widely used multi-objective genetic algorithms, is used for searching a group of Pareto-optimal designs. It is found that among the Pareto-optimal solutions, the total cost gradually increases with the thermal effectiveness between 88 and 95% while rises rapidly after the heat exchanger effectiveness exceeds around 95%. The sensitivity study shows that for the solutions with thermal effectiveness below around 95% the heat exchanger core physical length is the dominant factor that causes conflict between the total cost and thermal effectiveness. A similar trend can be observed from both the basic and extended design space. The final selection of the optimal designs obtained from the thermal-economic optimization requires a structural evaluation of surface geometry, especially for high-temperature high-pressure applications. S-shaped fin channels are chosen for preliminary structural assessment using numerical simulation due to the geometrical complexity and expected severe stress concentration. It is found that the excessive stress concentrations occur at tips of S-shaped fins when imposed with high-pressure differential loading. A small portion of the fin yields while the rest of the fin body remains low-stress level. The design and service limit prescribed in the ASME BPVC code is used to evaluate local stresses of the S-shaped fin, and according to the criterion, the reference model was allowed for 11.5 years of service with small portion of fin body yielded.
Fundamentals and Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SCO2) Based Power Cycles aims to provide engineers and researchers with an authoritative overview of research and technology in this area. Part One introduces the technology and reviews the properties of SCO2 relevant to power cycles. Other sections of the book address components for SCO2 power cycles, such as turbomachinery expanders, compressors, recuperators, and design challenges, such as the need for high-temperature materials. Chapters on key applications, including waste heat, nuclear power, fossil energy, geothermal and concentrated solar power are also included. The final section addresses major international research programs. Readers will learn about the attractive features of SC02 power cycles, which include a lower capital cost potential than the traditional cycle, and the compounding performance benefits from a more efficient thermodynamic cycle on balance of plant requirements, fuel use, and emissions. Represents the first book to focus exclusively on SC02 power cycles Contains detailed coverage of cycle fundamentals, key components, and design challenges Addresses the wide range of applications of SC02 power cycles, from more efficient electricity generation, to ship propulsion
A comprehensive source of generalized design data for most widely used fin surfaces in CHEs Compact Heat Exchanger Analysis, Design and Optimization: FEM and CFD Approach brings new concepts of design data generation numerically (which is more cost effective than generic design data) and can be used by design and practicing engineers more effectively. The numerical methods/techniques are introduced for estimation of performance deteriorations like flow non-uniformity, temperature non-uniformity, and longitudinal heat conduction effects using FEM in CHE unit level and Colburn j factors and Fanning friction f factors data generation method for various types of CHE fins using CFD. In addition, worked examples for single and two-phase flow CHEs are provided and the complete qualification tests are given for CHEs use in aerospace applications. Chapters cover: Basic Heat Transfer; Compact Heat Exchangers; Fundamentals of Finite Element and Finite Volume Methods; Finite Element Analysis of Compact Heat Exchangers; Generation of Design Data by CFD Analysis; Thermal and Mechanical Design of Compact Heat Exchanger; and Manufacturing and Qualification Testing of Compact Heat Exchanger. Provides complete information about basic design of Compact Heat Exchangers Design and data generation is based on numerical techniques such as FEM and CFD methods rather than experimental or analytical ones Intricate design aspects included, covering complete cycle of design, manufacturing, and qualification of a Compact Heat Exchanger Appendices on basic essential fluid properties, metal characteristics, and derivation of Fourier series mathematical equation Compact Heat Exchanger Analysis, Design and Optimization: FEM and CFD Approach is ideal for senior undergraduate and graduate students studying equipment design and heat exchanger design.
The rising trend in the global energy demand poses new challenges to humankind. The energy and mechanical engineering sectors are called to develop new and more environmentally friendly solutions to harvest residual energy from primary production processes. The Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is an emerging energy system for power production and waste heat recovery. In the near future, this technology can play an increasing role within the energy generation sectors and can help achieve the carbon footprint reduction targets of many industrial processes and human activities. This Special Issue focuses on selected research and application cases of ORC-based waste heat recovery solutions. Topics included in this publication cover the following aspects: performance modeling and optimization of ORC systems based on pure and zeotropic mixture working fluids; applications of waste heat recovery via ORC to gas turbines and reciprocating engines; optimal sizing and operation of ORC under combined heat and power and district heating application; the potential of ORC on board ships and related issues; life cycle analysis for biomass application; ORC integration with supercritical CO2 cycle; and the proper design of the main ORC components, including fluid dynamics issues. The current state of the art is considered and some cutting-edge ORC technology research activities are examined in this book.
This book presents the ideas and industrial concepts in compact heat exchanger technology that have been developed in the last 10 years or so. Historically, the development and application of compact heat exchangers and their surfaces has taken place in a piecemeal fashion in a number of rather unrelated areas, principally those of the automotive and prime mover, aerospace, cryogenic and refrigeration sectors. Much detailed technology, familiar in one sector, progressed only slowly over the boundary into another sector. This compartmentalisation was a feature both of the user industries themselves, and also of the supplier, or manufacturing industries. These barriers are now breaking down, with valuable cross-fertilisation taking place. One of the industrial sectors that is waking up to the challenges of compact heat exchangers is that broadly defined as the process sector. If there is a bias in the book, it is towards this sector. Here, in many cases, the technical challenges are severe, since high pressures and temperatures are often involved, and working fluids can be corrosive, reactive or toxic. The opportunities, however, are correspondingly high, since compacts can offer a combination of lower capital or installed cost, lower temperature differences (and hence running costs), and lower inventory. In some cases they give the opportunity for a radical re-think of the process design, by the introduction of process intensification (PI) concepts such as combining process elements in one unit. An example of this is reaction and heat exchange, which offers, among other advantages, significantly lower by-product production.To stimulate future research, the author includes coverage of hitherto neglected approaches, such as that of the Second Law (of Thermodynamics), pioneered by Bejan and co- workers. The justification for this is that there is increasing interest in life-cycle and sustainable approaches to industrial activity as a whole, often involving exergy (Second Law) analysis. Heat exchangers, being fundamental components of energy and process systems, are both savers and spenders of exergy, according to interpretation.
This books provides a comprehensive platform to the scientific, education and research communities working on various fields related to sustainable energy. It covers the exploration, generation and application of this area to meet societal needs as well as addressing global issues related to the environment. The content of this book presents research related to energy and how to tackle climate change as a comprehensive framework based on the success of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The authors use the scientific method to analyze and deliver viable technical solutions, demonstrating how chemistry and engineering can be combined to solve technically challenging problems. While maintaining high scientific rigor, a quantitative approach is offered in select chapters to the study of energy related to our societies increasing need for electrical and chemical energy feedstocks.
Heat exchangers are essential in a wide range of engineering applications, including power plants, automobiles, airplanes, process and chemical industries, and heating, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. Revised and updated with new problem sets and examples, Heat Exchangers: Selection, Rating, and Thermal Design, Third Edition presents a systematic treatment of the various types of heat exchangers, focusing on selection, thermal-hydraulic design, and rating. Topics discussed include: Classification of heat exchangers according to different criteria Basic design methods for sizing and rating of heat exchangers Single-phase forced convection correlations in channels Pressure drop and pumping power for heat exchangers and their piping circuit Design solutions for heat exchangers subject to fouling Double-pipe heat exchanger design methods Correlations for the design of two-phase flow heat exchangers Thermal design methods and processes for shell-and-tube, compact, and gasketed-plate heat exchangers Thermal design of condensers and evaporators This third edition contains two new chapters. Micro/Nano Heat Transfer explores the thermal design fundamentals for microscale heat exchangers and the enhancement heat transfer for applications to heat exchanger design with nanofluids. It also examines single-phase forced convection correlations as well as flow friction factors for microchannel flows for heat transfer and pumping power calculations. Polymer Heat Exchangers introduces an alternative design option for applications hindered by the operating limitations of metallic heat exchangers. The appendices provide the thermophysical properties of various fluids. Each chapter contains examples illustrating thermal design methods and procedures and relevant nomenclature. End-of-chapter problems enable students to test their assimilation of the material.