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For over 20,000 years a wealth of many cultures flourished in South America, both in the high Andean mountains and the lowland jungles and savannas. But the coming of European invaders from the 15th century onwards, with their relentless colonization, destroyed many indigenous peoples. Indigenous nations lost as many as 90% of their populations within the first 50 years of European contact. Today the deaths and damage continue. Land, the basis of Amerindian life, is continually being taken by governments, multi-national companies and ‘development’ projects. Amerindian language and culture are under attack, sometimes from unscrupulous forms of fundamentalist Christianity. The Amerindians of South America, Minority Rights Group’s new report No. 15, outlines the threats facing Amerindian peoples today and shows how they are resisting ruthless attempts to exterminate them. Written by Andrew Gray, of the International Working Group on Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA), based in Copenhagen, this completely new text draws extensively on information largely from indigenous peoples themselves. With sections on Amerindians and colonial history, Amerindian societies and organizations and detailed country profiles, it is supplemented by a map and a list of some of the many indigenous nations. It ends with a vigorous reaffirmation of continuing Amerindian identity in the face of ethnocidal pressures. A radical reappraisal of Amerindian history, The Amerindians of South America reflects the spirit of resistance to colonization and their quest for self-determination. It is essential reading, not only for anthropologists, development agencies, governments and the media but also for all those who are concerned for indigenous peoples and their continuing survival.
The Guarani of Paraguay have survived over four centuries of contact with the commercial system, while keeping in tact their traditions of leadership, religion and kinship. This concise ethnography examines how the Guarani have adapted over time, in concert with Paraguay’s subtropical forest system. New To This Edition: Expanded historical background and updated demographic information on the Guarani brings the research to the present day (Chapter 1). Expands and strengthens the discussion of “sustainability” to include more recent advances in the concept (Chapter 1), and introduces the idea of “subsidy from nature” into the discussion of conventional tropical development (Chapter 3). Develops the discussion of women’s labor in horticulture (Chapter 3). Analyzes the effects of indigenous mixed agro-forestry in stemming the high rates of Paraguayan deforestation of the 1990s (Chapter 4). Discusses the recent globalization of the yerba mate market, and the economy's effecton Paraguay’s protected areas (Chapter 4). Describes Guarani ethnic federations as a means to engage the national and international political institutions (Chapter 4). Explores the rapid growth in Guarani population in native communities, which results from lower infant mortality, more land pressure and more reliable census data (Chapter 4). This brief introductory text makes the ideal supplementary text for students of anthropology.
For almost four centuries, the indigenous Chiripá (Guaraní) people of eastern Paraguay have maintained themselves as a distinct society and culture, despite continual and often intense relations with Paraguayan society and the international economy. In this study, Richard K. Reed explores the economic and social basis for this ethnic autonomy. Reed finds that Chiripá economic power derives from their practice of commercial agroforestry. Unlike Latin American indigenous societies that have been forced to clear land for commercial agriculture, the Chiripá continue to harvest and sell forest products, such as caffeinated yerba mate, without destroying the forests. Reed also explores the relation of this complex economy to Chiripá social organization and shows how flexible kin ties allowed the Chiripá to adapt to the pressure and opportunities of the commercial economy without adopting the authoritarian nature of rural Paraguayan society. These findings offer important insights into the relations among indigenous groups, nation-states, and the international economy. They also provide a timely alternative model for sustainable management of subtropical forests that will be of interest in the fields of development and environmental studies.