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PAR-1 function in Drosophila is required at the earliest stage of development, during oogenesis. This serine-threonine kinase first acts in oocyte specification, and then in polarization events within the oocyte that establish the anterior-posterior axis of the future embryo. PAR-1 is expressed throughout Drosophila development, but its function has not been extensively characterized beyond oogenesis due to oocyte lethality of null mutants. We removed maternal and zygotic par-1 by RNAi to circumvent the genetic limitation for analysis of null embryos. Pre-cellularized embryos injected with par-1 dsRNA were assayed at different developmental stages. A requirement for PAR-1 in establishing cell polarity within the blastoderm epithelium was revealed. PAR-1 restricts adherens junction proteins to the apico-lateral membrane of epithelia. Absence of PAR-1 expanded localization of DE-cadherin, phospho-Tyrosine and Patj antibodies along lateral epithelial surfaces and increased their presence in cytoplasm. Other abnormalities observed in epithelia were abnormal Crumbs localization within the apical membrane and increased Tau in the apical cytoplasm, which suggests increased microtubule density. Further analyses within larval eye imaginal discs indicate PAR-1 is not essential for maintenance of epithelial cell polarity, but is required for normal morphogenesis. Additionally, we present a novel role for PAR-1 in Notch-mediated lateral inhibition during embryonic neurogenesis. Our epistasis data indicate PAR-1 functions upstream of Notch.
This work provides a state-of-the art overview on the most relevant aspects of cell polarity. Volume 1 addresses cell polarity and cell migration (front-rear polarity), cell polarity and barrier formation (apico-basal polarity) and neuronal polarity. It particularly focuses on cell polarity at the molecular level and the underlying molecular mechanisms. It also elaborates the common principles and mechanisms that regulate cellular polarization in different cell types and contexts. Both volumes are intended for professors, group leaders and researchers in cell biology as well as medical professionals in the fields of anatomy, cell biology, physiology, pathology and tumor biology.
This book will give an overview of insect ovaries, showing the diversities and the common traits in egg growth processes. The idea to write this book developed while looking at the flood of information which appeared in the early 1980s on early pattern formation in Drosophila embryos. At this time a significant breakthrough was made in studies of this little fly, combining molecular biological methods with classical and molecular genetics. The answers to questions about early pattern formation raised new questions about the architecture of ovaries and the growth of eggs within these ovaries. However, by concentrating only on Drosophila it is not possible to form an adequate picture of what is going on in insect ovaries, since the enormous diversity found among insects is not considered sufficiently. Almost forgotten, but the first to study the architecture of ovaries, was Alexander Brandt writing in 1878 in aber das Ei und seine Bildungsstaette (On the egg and its organ of development). More than 100 years later, a series of ten books or more would be required to survey all the serious informa tion we have today on insect oogenesis. Thus, this book is a personal selection and personal view on the theme, and the authors must be excused by all those scientists whose papers could not be included. The book briefly describes the ectodemes, i. e.
Cell Polarity in Development and Disease, Volume 154 in the Methods in Cell Biology series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on a variety of timely topics, including Cell polarity in the protist-to-animal transition, Polarized actin networks in development: Case studies from Drosophila, Protein clustering and cell polarization, Polarity in the Drosophila female germline, Context Matters: Mechanisms governing epithelial polarization in C. elegans, Epithelial polarity in the fly: Principles and diversity, Polarizing epithelial expulsion and expulsion driven by mispolarization, The Role of Apical-Basal Polarization in the Mammalian First Cell Fate Decision, and much more. Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors Presents the latest release in the Methods in Cell Biology series Updated release includes the latest information on Cell Polarity in Development and Disease
This work provides a state-of-the art overview on the most relevant aspects of cell polarity. Volume 2 discusses the physiological and pathophysiological relevance of cell polarity. It especially focuses on pathophysiological conditions in which one or several aspects of cell polarity are impaired, and in which a loss of cell polarity possibly contributes to disease (e.g. epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in cancer, role of polarity proteins in cancer). Both volumes are intended for professors, group leaders and researchers in cell biology as well as for medical professionals working in anatomy, cell biology, physiology, pathology and tumor biology.