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Cet ouvrage actualise les travaux menés sur le terrain, sous forme notamment de synthèses régionales. Outre les descriptions classiques en ce domaine, ce livre met l'accent sur la contribution des sciences de l'environnement et la reconstitution des paysages et souligne l'intérêt de la collaboration avec les sciences sociales qui permettent de relier la passé au présent.
Cet ouvrage actualise les travaux menés sur le terrain, sous forme notamment de synthèses régionales. Outre les descriptions classiques en ce domaine, ce livre met l'accent sur la contribution des sciences de l'environnement et la reconstitution des paysages et souligne l'intérêt de la collaboration avec les sciences sociales qui permettent de relier la passé au présent.
Confronting national, linguistic and disciplinary boundaries, contributors to African Archaeology Without Frontiers argue against artificial limits and divisions created through the study of ‘ages’ that in reality overlap and cannot and should not be understood in isolation. Papers are drawn from the proceedings of the landmark 14th PanAfrican Archaeological Association Congress, held in Johannesburg in 2014, nearly seven decades after the conference planned for 1951 was re-located to Algiers for ideological reasons following the National Party’s rise to power in South Africa. Contributions by keynote speakers Chapurukha Kusimba and Akin Ogundiran encourage African archaeologists to practise an archaeology that collaborates across many related fields of study to enrich our understanding of the past. The nine papers cover a broad geographical sweep by incorporating material on ongoing projects throughout the continent including South Africa, Botswana, Cameroon, Togo, Tanzania, Kenya and Nigeria. Thematically, the papers included in the volume address issues of identity and interaction, and the need to balance cultural heritage management and sustainable development derived from a continent racked by social inequalities and crippling poverty. Edited by three leading archaeologists, the collection covers many aspects of African archaeology, and a range of periods from the earliest hominins to the historical period. It will appeal to specialists and interested amateurs.
D’où viennent les premiers hommes ? À quoi ressemblaient-ils ? Pourquoi ont-ils décidé de quitter l’Afrique, alors qu’ils y ont vécu plus de 5 millions d’années ? À quel moment s’est faite, à partir d’une population ancestrale commune, la séparation décisive entre les chimpanzés et les humains ? C’est à une grande fresque de toute la famille humaine, s’étendant sur plus de 7 millions d’années, que nous convie ici Michel Brunet. Découvreur de Toumaï et grand explorateur, il nous expose dans ce livre, avec son talent de conteur, les grandes découvertes de la paléontologie, à partir de ses cours au Collège de France. Dans les déserts de sable ou de glace, au Tchad ou en Antarctique, l’auteur nous fait assister à son travail de fouilles. C’est à ses côtés, sur le terrain, que nous comprenons quelle était la vie de nos lointains ancêtres. Voici donc retracé pour nous l’incroyable chemin qui mène, sur plus de 500 000 générations, des tout premiers hommes à l’Homo sapiens que nous sommes. Michel Brunet est professeur au Collège de France et professeur associé à l’université de Poitiers. Il est aussi directeur de la Mission paléoanthropologique franco-tchadienne. Il est, avec son équipe, le découvreur de Toumaï, le plus ancien représentant de l’humanité connu à ce jour. Il a publié D’Abel à Toumaï. Nomade, chercheur d’os, qui a été un très grand succès.
This book explores important chapters of past and recent African history from a multidisciplinary perspective. It covers an extensive time range from the evolution of early humans to the complex cultural and genetic diversity of modern-day populations in Africa. Through a comprehensive list of chapters, the book focuses on different time-periods, geographic regions and cultural and biological aspects of human diversity across the continent. Each chapter summarises current knowledge with perspectives from a varied set of international researchers from diverse areas of expertise. The book provides a valuable resource for scholars interested in evolutionary history and human diversity in Africa. Contributors are Shaun Aron, Ananyo Choudhury, Bernard Clist, Cesar Fortes-Lima, Rosa Fregel, Jackson S. Kimambo, Faye Lander , Marlize Lombard, Fidelis T. Masao, Ezekia Mtetwa, Gilbert Pwiti, Michèle Ramsay, Thembi Russell, Carina Schlebusch, Dhriti Sengupta, Plan Shenjere-Nyabezi, Mário Vicente.
This book presents the first preview of discoveries made in the longest archaeological trench ever dug in Africa. From the forests of coastal south Cameroon towards the dry savannas in southern Chad, the construction of the underground pipeline of the Chad Export Project enabled an international research team to investigate a transect of 1070 kilometers (!) length. The Kome-Kribi project demonstrates the exemplary application of rescue or preventive archaeology and of cultural heritage management with regard to a variety of involved political and commercial institutions. In areas previously almost unknown archaeologically an impressive number of 472 new sites from the Middle Stone Age to the Iron Age, many considered to be important, were located. Their description, including quantities of cultural materials, a chronological outline based on about sixty radiocarbon dates, and the integration of the new and known evidence in a synoptic consideration of the cultural development of Central Africa, provides a substantial base for further studies and, for those archaeologists less familiar with the region, also offers an introduction into the local prehistory. Finally, the authors have given us a vision on the abundance of information about Africa’s past that is still preserved in the ground and scarcely touched, so far.
Central Africa is peopled by sedentary agriculturalists neighbouring hunter-gatherer populations: the Pygmies. Archaeological remains attest the presence of Homo sapiens in the Congo Bassin since at least 30,000 years. However, little is known about the origins of pygmy populations, nor is known about ancient demography or past human migrations in this area of the world. We use an interdisciplinary approach between ethnology and population genetics, aiming to unravel the unknown history of Central African peopling. First, we present elements of anthropology concerning the pygmy/non-pygmy categorization, and the DNA sampling strategy developped in three pygmy groups from Gabon and Uganda. Then, we present population genetics results on more than 30 Central African populations genotyped for 28 autosomal microsatellites. Our results converge towards a historical peopling of Central Africa where all pygmies share a common ancestor that diverged from the non-pygmies about 70,000 years ago. Moreover, our results suggest that the expansion of agriculture in Central Africa some 4,000 years ago, fundamentaly affected ancient relationships between pygmies and non-pygmies. Such expansion may have fragmented pygmy habitat, isolating the various populations. Moreover, heterogeneous gene flows from non-pygmy populations towards each pygmy group, may have enhanced the genetic differentiation found nowadays among african pygmies. Finally, such heterogeneous admixture is consistent with the various sociocultural behaviour characterizing specifically each pygmy / non-pygmy realtions, thus highlighting the potential major influence of sociological behaviours in mankind biological evolution.
Voici l'histoire des jours anciens, notre histoire, celle de la «lente émergence de l'hominidé, de la difficile percée de sa conscience, du lourd redressement de son corps et de l'instabilité émouvante de sa bipédie, de la maladresse de ses premiers essais de taille de la pierre et de sa touchante ténacité à les améliorer». Voici l'histoire d'une science, la paléoanthropologie, et de ses plus récentes avancées. Voici enfin l'histoire d'une vie de recherches, illuminée par la découverte de Lucy, objet de fascinations multiples.«À quoi sert la préhistoire? Voici la réponse: elle met l'homme à sa place. Elle nous fait comprendre qui nous sommes, comment nous le sommes devenus et pourquoi.»
There is an essential connection between humans and plants, cultures and environments, and this is especially evident looking at the long history of the African continent. This book, comprising current research in archaeobotany on Africa, elucidates human adaptation and innovation with respect to the exploitation of plant resources. In the long-term perspective climatic changes of the environment as well as human impact have posed constant challenges to the interaction between peoples and the plants growing in different countries and latitudes. This book provides an insight into/overview of the manifold routes people have taken in various parts Africa in order to make a decent living from the provisions of their environment by bringing together the analyses of macroscopic and microscopic plant remains with ethnographic, botanical, geographical and linguistic research. The numerous chapters cover almost all the continent countries, and were prepared by most of the scholars who study African archaeobotany, i.e. the complex and composite history of plant uses and environmental transformations during the Holocene.