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The book contains information on geology, climate and vegetation of the Sierra Nevada with a special emphasis on air pollution effects on the mixed conifer forests. A history of the extent of air pollution effects on mixed conifer forests, especially ponderosa and Jeffrey pines is provided. The physiological basis for ozone-type injury development in ponderosa pine, a discussion of ozone uptake by plants at different levels of biological organization and the effects of air pollution and other stresses on mountain forests are discussed. A considerable portion of the book is dedicated to development of statistical models and maps of ambient ozone distribution in the Sierra Nevada based on the 1999 monitoring data with passive samplers. The implications of the methodological results, formulation and application of regional air quality models for integrated assessment of urban and wildland pollution and the need for functionally integrated models of ozone deposition to the Sierra Nevada forests are also discussed. Management and monitoring needs for improved long-term understanding air pollution effects on forest ecosystems, discussion of options for proper management of the air pollution affected forests, and comparison of monitoring and modelling of ozone and forest health status in the Sierra Nevada with similar efforts in mountains of North American and European mountain ranges are the focus of the later chapters of the book.
Historical and technical background is provided about ozone air pollution effects on ponderosa and Jeffrey pines in forests of the western U.S. The principal aim is to document the development of field survey methods to be applied to assessment of chronic ozone injury by government agencies responsible for management of forest and air resources, primarily in the Sierra Nevada and mountains of southern California. Detailed procedures are supplied for the selection of sample plots, collection of plot and tree data, computation of an injury index for each tree and execution of quality assurance procedures. Illustrated.
This volume presents a body of research conducted over more than thirty years, including an intensive interdisciplinary five-year study begun in 1991. Chapters include studies of the relationships of biogeography and climate to the region's air pollution, the chemical and physiological mechanisms of ozone injury, as well as the impacts of nitrogen-containing pollutants and natural stresses on polluted forests.
The 1977 Clean Air Act legally mandated the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) of air quality related values (AQRVs) on wilderness lands. Federal land managers are assigned the task of protecting these wilderness values. This report contains guidelines for determining the potential effects of incremental increases in air pollutants on natural resources in wilderness areas of the National Forests of California. These guidelines are based on current information about the effects of ozone, sulfur, and nitrogen on AQRVs. Knowledge-based methods were used to elicit these guidelines from scientists and resource managers in a workshop setting. Linkages were made between air pollutant deposition and level of deterioration of specific features (sensitive receptors) of AQRVs known to be sensitive to pollutants. Terrestrial AQRVs include a wide number of ecosystem types as well as geological and cultural values. Ozone is already high enough to injure conifers in large areas of California and is a major threat to terrestrial AQRVs. Aquatic AQRVs include lakes and streams, mostly in high elevation locations. Current sulfur and nitrogen deposition is probably too low to warrant immediate concern in most areas (with the exception of nitrogen deposition at some locations in southern California), although the low buffer capacity of many aquatic systems in California makes them sensitive to potential future increases in acidity. Visibility is considered as a discrete AQRV. Guidelines are presented for determining degradation of visibility based on sensitive views in wilderness areas. Estimates of current deposition of ozone, sulfur, and nitrogen are compiled for all California wilderness areas. Recommendations are included for resource monitoring, data collection, and decision criteria with respect to the disposition of permit applications.