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Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a very useful technique for noninvasive measurement of tissue oxygenation Among various methods of NIRS, continuous wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CW-NIRS) is especially suitable for real-time measurement and for practical use. CW-NIRS has recently been applied to in vivo reflectance imaging of muscle oxygenation and brain activity. However, conventional mapping systems do not have a sufficient mapping area at present. Moreover; they do not enable quantitative measurement of tissue oxygenation because conventional NIRS is based on the inappropriate assumption that tissue is homogeneous. In this study, we developed a 200- channel mapping system that enables measurement of changes in oxygenation and blood volume and that covers a wider area (30 cm x 20 cm) than do conventional systems. The spatial resolution (source-detector separation) of this system is 15 mm. As for the effects of tissue inhomogeneity on muscle oxygenation measurement, subcutaneous adipose tissue greatly reduces measurement sensitivity. Therefore, we also used a correction method for the influence of the subcutaneous fat layer so that we could obtain quantitative changes in concentrations of oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin. We conducted exercise tests and measured the changes in hemoglobin concentration in the thigh using the new system. The working muscles in the exercises could be imaged, and the heterogeneity of the muscles was shown. These results demonstrated the new 2O0-channel mapping system enables observation of the distribution of muscle metabolism and localization of muscle function.
This book covers all aspects of oxygen delivery to tissue, including blood flow and its regulation as well as oxygen metabolism. Special attention will be paid to methods of oxygen measurement in living tissue and application of these technologies to understanding physiological and biochemical basis for pathology related to tissue oxygenation. This book is multidisciplinary and designed to bring together experts and students from a range of research fields including biochemical engineering, physiology, microcirculation, and hematology.
Close monitoring of patients during anesthesia is crucial for ensuring positive treatment outcomes and patient safety. The increasing availability of new technologies and the repurposing of older monitors means more patient data is at anesthesiologists' fingertips than ever before. However, this flood of options can be overwhelming. A practical resource for understanding this array of clinical monitoring options in anesthesia, this important text focuses on real-world applications in anesthesia and perioperative care. Reviewing the evidence for improved patient outcomes for monitoring technology, neurological monitoring, echocardiography systems and ultrasound are amongst the techniques covered in a head-to-toe approach. Statistics used by manufacturers to gain approval for their technology are discussed, as well as the under-appreciated risks associated with monitoring such as digital distraction. Future monitoring technologies including wearable systems are explored in depth. Focusing on applied practice, this book is an essential text for front-line healthcare professionals in anesthesia.
The Oxford Textbook of Neurocritical Care provides an authoritative and up-to-date summary of the scientific basis, clinical techniques and management guidelines in this exciting clinical discipline. Authored by an international team of expert practitioners this textbook reflects world-wide practice.
Photoplethysmography: Technology, Signal Analysis, and Applications is the first comprehensive volume on the theory, principles, and technology (sensors and electronics) of photoplethysmography (PPG). It provides a detailed description of the current state-of-the-art technologies/optical components enabling the extreme miniaturization of such sensors, as well as comprehensive coverage of PPG signal analysis techniques including machine learning and artificial intelligence. The book also outlines the huge range of PPG applications in healthcare, with a strong focus on the contribution of PPG in wearable sensors and PPG for cardiovascular assessment. - Presents the underlying principles and technology surrounding PPG - Includes applications for healthcare and wellbeing - Focuses on PPG in wearable sensors and devices - Presents advanced signal analysis techniques - Includes cutting-edge research, applications and future directions
This book provides knowledge of the basic theory, spectral analysis methods, chemometrics, instrumentation, and applications of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy—not as a handbook but rather as a sourcebook of NIR spectroscopy. Thus, some emphasis is placed on the description of basic knowledge that is important in learning and using NIR spectroscopy. The book also deals with applications for a variety of research fields that are very useful for a wide range of readers from graduate students to scientists and engineers in both academia and industry. For readers who are novices in NIR spectroscopy, this book provides a good introduction, and for those who already are familiar with the field it affords an excellent means of strengthening their knowledge about NIR spectroscopy and keeping abreast of recent developments.
Design of Pulse Oximeters describes the hardware and software needed to make a pulse oximeter, and includes the equations, methods, and software required for them to function effectively. The book begins with a brief description of how oxygen is delivered to the tissue, historical methods for measuring oxygenation, and the invention of the pulse oximeter in the early 1980s. Subsequent chapters explain oxygen saturation display and how to use an LED, provide a survey of light sensors, and review probes and cables. The book closes with an assessment of techniques that may be used to analyze pulse oximeter performance and a brief overview of pulse oximetry applications. The book contains useful worked examples, several worked equations, flow charts, and examples of algorithms used to calculate oxygen saturation. It also includes a glossary of terms, instructional objectives by chapter, and references to further reading.
This book describes the methods of analysis and determination of oxidants and oxidative stress in biological systems. Reviews and protocols on select methods of analysis of ROS, RNS, oxygen, redox status, and oxidative stress in biological systems are described in detail. It is an essential resource for both novices and experts in the field of oxidant and oxidative stress biology.
Near infrared spectroscopy [NIRS] is a non-invasive, non-ionizing imaging technique that uses light in the 650 nm to 2,500 nm region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In medical applications, optical devices utilize what is known as the biologic window (i.e. "therapeutic widow"). This window encompasses the light from 600 nm to approximately 1,400 nm. The reason why many medical optical devices exploit light sources within this spectrum is that tissue proteins are relatively transparent at these wavelengths with the exception of certain chromophores such as oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin, fat, and water. However, light is highly scattered by the tissue and this scattering phenomena must be considered when obtaining information at depth within tissues. Thus, good penetration of light into the tissue and investigation of chromophores of interest at various depths is possible but requires careful modeling and understanding of light scattering at given depths. Since their introduction, medical NIRS devices have been used in many physiologic monitoring applications, including, pulse oximetry, functional NIR for measuring the neuronal activity in the brain, measurement of oxygen consumption in skeletal muscles, and more recently the measurement of tissue blood perfusion. This dissertation investigated a hypothesis that multi-channel depth-resolved near infrared spectroscopy can be used to monitor lower leg tissue oxygenation and lower leg oxygenation abnormalities and that depth-resolved data collection will provide useful information for analyzing the oxygenation state of tissue. The work presented here details development of a novel portable multi-channel NIRS system capable of long-term non-invasive monitoring of lower leg tissue blood oxygenation levels. Twenty two healthy subjects took part in the feasibility study of the novel system. The study examined the performance of the novel NIRS system in acquiring depth resolved multi-channel data from control leg and test leg, which was subjected to 60-second venous occlusion. The results showed that: The system is capable of acquiring statistically significant multi-channel NIRS data during venous occlusion with or without baseline data; and depth-resolved data provides significant information for analyzing oxygenation state of tissue. These findings indicate that the novel multi-channel depth resolved near infrared spectroscopy system could be used for lower leg tissue oxygenation monitoring.