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Oxidative Stress and Biomaterials provides readers with the latest information on biomaterials and the oxidative stress that can pose an especially troubling challenge to their biocompatibility, especially given the fact that, at the cellular level, the tissue environment is a harsh landscape of precipitating proteins, infiltrating leukocytes, released oxidants, and fluctuations of pH which, even with the slightest shift in stasis, can induce a perpetual state of chronic inflammation. No material is 100% non-inflammatory, non-toxic, non-teratogenic, non-carcinogenic, non-thrombogenic, and non-immunogenic in all biological settings and situations. In this embattled terrain, the most we can hope for from the biomaterials we design is a type of “meso-compatibility, a material which can remain functional and benign for as long as required without succumbing to this cellular onslaught and inducing a local inflammatory reaction. Explores the challenges of designing and using biomaterials in order to minimize oxidative stress, reducing patterns of chronic inflammation and cell death Brings together the two fields of biomaterials and the biology of oxidative stress Provides approaches for the design of biomaterials with improved biocompatibility
Oxidative stress is a relatively new concept that has been widely implicated in biomedical sciences during the last 20 years. It significantly participates in the pathophysiology of highly prevalent diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, preeclampsia, atherosclerosis, acute renal failure, Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, among others. The metabolism of oxygen by cells generates potentially deleterious reactive oxygen species (ROS). Under normal conditions the rate and magnitude of oxidant formation is balanced by the rate of oxidant elimination However, an imbalance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants results in oxidative stress. Increased ROS levels in the cell have a substantial impact either leading to defective cellular function, ageing, or disease. Therefore, a better understanding of the roles of ROS-mediated signalling in normal cellular function as well as in disease is necessary for developing therapeutic tools for oxidative stress-related pathologies. The potential beneficial role of antioxidants is discussed in the light of experimental studies, as well as clinical trials aimed to determine the outcome of patients. "Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants: Their Role in Human Disease" is a practical guide for pathophysiology of oxidative stress and the latest therapeutic advances to modulate the antioxidant defence. This includes evidence from clinical trials, regarding the use of antioxidants and preconditioning, to protect the organism against ROS.
There is an emerging concept that nitric oxide (NO), its derivatives and reactive oxygen intermediates (ROS) are the major determinants of the involvement of oxidant stress that contributes to the control of physiological cell signalling processes, blood flow regulation and pathological hypoxia. There is recent published evidence for additional functions of these oxygen metabolites in cardiac gene expression; functions that include the modulation of the cytokine response of lymphocytes and the regulation of immune cell apoptosis as well as immuno-deviating effects. In vitro and in vivo experimental models investigating the biological nature of ROS have shown that there is a concentration dependent effect of NO and that differences in cell sensitivity to NO may have an impact upon the degree of immune or inflammatory state. Disturbances in NO bio-availability leads to loss of cardioprotective actions within biological systems and in some cases may even increase oxidative stress and disease progression. Hence, considerable interest in identifying the mechanisms involved in their generation and implications have spurted in the hope that inhibition strategies can be developed either bio-materially or pharmacologically. This book brings together the emerging biological concepts of oxidative stress and its connotation in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory processes in biological systems.
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense: Biomedical Value in Health and Diseases represent current findings on the impact of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diseases and underlying mechanisms of antioxidants influencing health and disease processes. This book is divided into seven sections that describe how antioxidants defend oxidative stressmediated diseases as well as recent developments, future opportunities, and challenges. Sections 1 analyzes the role of oxidative stress in aging and associated diseases as well as the use of antioxidants in health maintenance, preventing and repairing injuries caused by oxidative stress. Section 2 represents the status of various antioxidants in cigarette smoking and antioxidant defense against exerciseinduced oxidative stress. Section 3 focuses on the effect of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration and the existing status of antioxidant therapy. Section 4 covers the impact of oxidative stress at different levels of chronic degenerative diseases, as well as treatment with antioxidants to revert and diminish the cellular injury. Section 5 offers the importance of antioxidants in abating the pathological processes involved in hypertension and stroke. Section 6 presents the complexity associated with oxidative stress and metabolic disorders as well as the potential of antioxidants used in amelioration of related pathologies. Section 7 discusses the antioxidant defense against oxidative stressmediated erectile dysfunctions and the significance of antioxidants in pregnancy. This book represents the copious set of specific research updates and diaphanous understanding of oxidative stressmediated cellular damages and role of antioxidants in disease processes from experienced and eminent academicians, researchers, and scientists from throughout the world. This book is suitable for professionals, academicians, students, researchers, scientists and industrialists around the world in the biomedical, health, and life science fields.
Antioxidant Polymers is an exhaustive overview of the recent developments in the field of polymeric materials showing antioxidant properties. This research area has grown rapidly in the last decade because antioxidant polymers have wide industry applications ranging from materials science to biomedical, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
This book discusses the importance of oxidative stress, related biomarkers, and its diagnostic methods including bio-analytical and advanced detection systems. Oxidative stress is associated with diminished capacity of a biological system to overcome the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Since oxidative stress has been suggested as a causative factor in many diseases, its prevention is vital, and there is an urgent need for oxidative stress monitoring using in vitro and in vivo models. Interdisciplinary approaches have lead to the development of various oxidative stress monitoring models for real-world clinical and biomedical applications. The development of such methods requires a broad understanding of biology, chemistry, molecular biology, immunology and microbiology. As such, the book is a valuable resource for students, researchers and clinicians interested in the fundamental as well as applied aspects of oxidative stress associated diseases.
Dental biomaterials and natural products represent two growing research fields, revealing that plant-derived compounds may play a role not only as nutraceuticals in affecting oral health but also in improving physicochemical properties of biomaterials used in dentistry. Recently, the role of free radicals in healthcare has attracted tremendous interest in the field of medicine, dentistry and molecular biology. Free radicals can be either harmful or helpful to the human body. When there is an imbalance between input and output of free radicals, a condition called "oxidative stress" develops. To counteract oxidative stress, the body has protective antioxidant mechanisms, which aid in lowering the incidence of various human morbidities and mortalities. The implication of oxidative stress in the etiology of many chronic and degenerative diseases suggests that antioxidant therapy represents a promising avenue for treatment. Thus, various forms of antioxidants have been introduced as an approach to fight dental diseases and improve general gingival health. The implication of oxidative stress in the etiology of chronic and degenerative diseases as well as the body's protective antioxidant mechanisms and the role dietary antioxidants play, suggests that antioxidant therapy could act as a beneficial treatment. The aim of this book is to present all available data concerning and linking free radicals, antioxidants and bio-active scaffolds in the utilisation of vitamins, proteins and extracts rich in bio-active phytochemicals as an avenue for creating innovative dental biomaterials. These materials are capable of promoting genuine tissue/cell interface integration and gaining insight into molecular origin of the mechanism to combat oral diseases in vitro and eventually in vivo.