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The considerable proliferation of new glasses during the second half of the 20th century (germanate, vanadate, bismuthate, tellurite, chalchogenide glasses, etc.) brought about the use the plural form of the 4 generic glass denomination, in order to be able to index each emerging glass family by its proper name, as well as to classify them methodically. Together with its great compositional versatility, the peculiar characteristics of glass (non-crystalline structure with short-range order, continuous network with no intergranular boundaries, isotropy, easy to be formed into a plastic state inside a wide temperature range) allow for a freedom of design and adaptability that few materials are able to offer. All these circumstances have contributed to the fact that, in the last seventy years, glass has acquired the multiple and varied appearance of its new families, without losing neither its original image nor its soda-lime-silica traditional composition, destined for the huge industrial manufacture of its conventional products.
This book covers preparation methods, characterization, and applications of most glass families. It reports the fundamentals of glass, challenges in the development, traditional and new manufacturing processes, characterization techniques, structural, thermal, and optical properties. The book reviews redox reactions in glasses and the factors affecting them, in addition to the techniques for determining the redox states and speciation of polyvalent ions in glass. A special chapter is dedicate to phosphate glasses, their importance, preparation methods, structure and properties. The use of different types of phosphate glasses in biomedicine, optics, electrochemistry, and as hosts for nuclear wastes is thoroughly discussed. Moreover, the applications of phosphate glasses in electronics and laser technology are also discussed in this book. Recent experimental studies such as the development of a novel bioglass system and the influence of ZnO, TiO2, and Al2O3 incorporation on structural, mechanical strength, degradation, pH variation, and formation of hydroxyapatite (Hap) layer on the glass surface are reported. Promising aluminum-silicate glassy system and its glass-ceramic counterpart are also presented in this books. An overview of the calorimetry approaches related to rare earth improvements on the thermal stability of glass is provided. The book discusses the advances in the chalcogenide glasses (ChGs) and based devices. It also reports their applications in optical devices, semiconductor circuits, and other applications. In addition, lanthanide and/or QDs doped luminescent glasses and their use in solid-state lighting and displays, security (anti-counterfeiting), optical temperature sensors, and solar energy (solar spectrum conversion) are reviewed along with a comparison of their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the nature of phthalocyanines as materials for glass coatings and most widely used synthesis methods of porphyrins and phthalocyanines are discussed.
The development of multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) makes it possible to precisely measure non-traditional stable isotopes. This volume reviews the current status of non-traditional isotope geochemistry from analytical, theoretical, and experimental approaches to analysis of natural samples. In particular, important applications to cosmochemistry, high-temperature geochemistry, low-temperature geochemistry, and geobiology are discussed. This volume provides the most comprehensive review on non-traditional isotope geochemistry for students and researchers who are interested in both the theory and applications of non-traditional stable isotope geochemistry.
Presenting the fundamental topics in glass science and technology, this concise introduction includes glass formation, crystallization, and phase separation. Glass structure models, with emphasis on the oxygen balance method, are presented in detail. Several chapters discuss the viscosity, density, thermal expansion, and mechanical properties of glasses as well as their optical and magnetic behavior and the diffusion of ions, atoms, and molecules and their effect on electrical conductivity, chemical durability, and other related behavior. In addition to the effects of atomic structure on the properties of glasses, the effects of phase separation, crystallization, and water content, which are neglected in most texts, are discussed extensively. Glass technology is addressed in chapters dealing with the raw materials for producing glasses, batch calculations, and the melting and fining processes. The compositions, properties, and production of commercial glasses are also presented. A chapter is devoted to the use of thermal analysis in the study of glasses, including their crystallization behavior. This expanded, third edition, includes new chapters on doped vitreous silica and the, often overlooked, role of halides on glass formation and properties. In addition, solutions to all of the exercises at the ends of chapters are included for the first time in this edition. This introductory text is ideal for undergraduates in materials science, ceramics, or inorganic chemistry. It will also be useful to the graduate student, engineer, or scientist seeking basic knowledge of the formation, properties, and production of glass in support of their work.
This work refines the notion of metonymy and the underlying notion of conceptual contiguity by describing a fundamental structural property of metonymy. Studied since antiquity, metonymy is a ubiquitous mechanism of meaning construction in context that involves a linguistically coded source concept that directs attention to a situationally relevant target concept. Modelling metonymic contiguity by means of recursive attribute-value structures, inspired by findings from cognitive psychology, suggests that the metonymic relation depends largely on the functionality of the source with respect to the target. Based on this structural property, several patterns can be identified as potential bases for metonymic shifts. How these shifts are coded on the linguistic surface varies depending on whether the focus within the relevant frame is more on the source (metonymy closer to literal use) or more on the target (metonymy closer to word formation). Furthermore, decomposing the contiguity relation into functional relations hints at a potential conceptual distance between the source and target. This approach contributes to understanding the boundaries and possibilities of metonymy.
Published by the Boy Scouts of America for all BSA registered adult volunteers and professionals, Scouting magazine offers editorial content that is a mixture of information, instruction, and inspiration, designed to strengthen readers' abilities to better perform their leadership roles in Scouting and also to assist them as parents in strengthening families.
How do words mean? What is the nature of meaning? How can we grasp a word’s meaning? The frame-semantic approach developed in this book offers some well-founded answers to such long-standing, but still controversial issues. Following Charles Fillmore’s definition of frames as both organizers of experience and tools for understanding, the monograph attempts to examine one of the most important concepts of Cognitive Linguistics in more detail. The point of departure is Fillmore’s conception of “frames of understanding” – an approach to (cognitive) semantics that Fillmore developed from 1975 to 1985. The envisaged Understanding Semantics (“U-Semantics”) is a semantic theory sui generis whose significance for linguistic research cannot be overestimated. In addition to its crucial role in the development of the theoretical foundations of U-semantics, corpus-based frame semantics can be applied fruitfully in the investigation of knowledge-building processes in text and discourse.
Glass ••• Current Issues is the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute held in Puerto de la Cruz, Tenerife between the 2nd and 13th April 1984. The objectives of the School were twofold. Firstly to inform participants of actual and developing technolog ical applications of glassy materials in which fundamental science makes a strong contribution, and secondly to bring together scientists from the widely different backgrounds of glass science and technology to promote mutual understanding and collaboration. The amorphous state has for more than a decade now been a renaissance of scientific and technological activity extending beyond traditional glass technology research. Striking developments of amorphous materials have been made in fields such as metallurgy, electronics and telecommunications and even in disciplines until recently less concerned by materials science, such as colloid chemistry, medicine and agriculture. The physical and chemical properties brought into application here result from the interaction between the glass composition and its non-crystalline structure. One role of the basic research is to understand this interaction, which in time through development, helps to extend the range of properties and applications. In this meeting we hoped to sensitize participants to the vast range of applications of amorphous materials which exploit their unique properties, and thus broaden future investigation. The program was organised around seven topics, signposts of scientific and technological activity in the 1980'S: optical materials, amorphous metals, crystallisation phenomena, electronic and electrical devices, sol-gel preparative methods, composite materials and long-term applications.
The general aim here is to use renewable and non-polluting materials in ways that offer a high degree of sustainability and preserve the remaining natural resources for future generations. Keywords: Biobased Materials, Renewable Materials, Non-polluting Materials, Sustainability, Wood, Agricultural Waste, Grasses, Natural Plant Fibers, Lignocellulosic Materials, Carbohydrates, Sugars, Lignin, Cellulose, Vegetable Oils, Proteins, Bamboo, Vegetable Fibers, Soil Composites, Recycled Materials, Rice Husk Ash, Sugar Cane Ash, Fiber-reinforced Concrete, Post-disaster Reconstruction, Guadua Fibers, Prefabricated Bamboo Guadua Panels, Multi-Level Bamboo Structures, Alkaline Activated Cements, Polymer Residues Reinforced with Glass Fiber, Composites Reinforced with Vegetal Fibers, Sisal Fibers, Bamboo Arch Structure, Adobe Reinforced with Wheat Fibers, Fiber Reinforced Microconcrete, Cements with High Coal Waste Contents, Natural Composites, Geopolymer Concretes.
Tomorrow's professionals need a practical, customer-centric understanding of marketing's role in business and critical thinking skills to help their organizations succeed. Applied Marketing, 1st Canadian Edition helps students learn practical, modern marketing concepts appropriate for the principles of marketing course by applying them to the latest business scenarios of relatable brands like This Bar Saves Lives and GoPro. This comprehensive yet concise text is co-authored by Professors Rochelle Grayson and Daniel Padgett and practitioner Andrew Loos, and blends current academic theory with an agency-owner perspective to help students get an insider's look at how top businesses operate. With many Canadian specific examples created specifically for this course, students can relate concepts learned in the classroom to marketing topics and events taking place in their backyard.