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This collection of papers examines research methods in geographical education in nine countries. "Research Methods in the History of Geographical Education" (William Marsden, the United Kingdom) examines the methods used and some of the research undertaken in the history of geographical education. "Research Methods in Investigating Children's and Adolescents' Perceptions of their Environment" (Brian Spicer, Australia) lists sources for research and some of the issues involved. "The Perception of Hazards in Geographical Education: Research Methods" (Giorgio Valussi, Italy) concerns finding out how pupils perceived hazards. "Methods of Researching the Use of Visual Aids in the Teaching of Geography" (Agustin Hernando, Spain) concentrates on classifying the kinds of studies conducted to evaluate visual aids in geography. "Research Methods in Evaluating the Use of Media in the Teaching of Geography" (Hartwig Haubrich, West Germany) is concerned with experimental design for teaching aids. "Broadening Geographical Education" (Henriette Verduin-Muller, The Netherlands) deals with information theory. "Three Brazilian Cognitive Studies on Geographical Education" (Livia Oliveira) deals with Piagetian concepts in geographical education. "Research in Computer Assisted Learning" (Ashley Kent, United Kingdom) reviews research methods used in analyzing and evaluating the use of computer-assisted learning in geography. "Research into the Problems of Methods of Geography Teaching in the U.S.S.R." (Lydia Panchesnikova) examines research methods used in that country."Action-Research Methods in Geographical Education: the Experience of France" (Lucille Marbeau) summarizes action-research experiences with student teachers. "Research Methods in Geographical Education in Japan" (Ryutaro Asakura) gives an overview of Japanese research methods. (IS)
Geography as an academic discipline dates back to the last few decades of the nineteenth century. However, during the preceding centuries a large body of English-language literature relevant to the field of special geography was published. Four Centuries of Special Geography lists all the works published before 1888 and includes descriptions of each entry and notes on later editions. Francis Sitwell has written an extensive introduction in which he provides a detailed guide to the organization and contents of the bibliography. He also evaluates special geography as a genre which contributed to scholarly discourse from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries. In addition, he examines the genre as a whole and discusses its relation to the evolving world of ideas during the same time period. The result of several years of data-gathering, this book will be a valuable research tool for anyone seeking to examine aspects of the development of the field of geography in the years before it was defined as a distinct academic discipline. It will also be useful to those whose research focuses on the acquisition and transmission of geographical knowledge prior to the twentieth century, in particular on the place of geography in educational curricula.