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This dissertation examines people's relationships to place and community. The papers are linked by three broad themes: 1) place meanings, 2) community connections to resource places, and 3) innovative qualitative research methodologies. The first paper used ethnographic methods in a case study of Vermont's Winooski Valley Park District to examine how regional park districts can strengthen community relationships. It explored how the district serves visitors and communities, stimulates community interactions and cohesion, and perceives the outcomes of these efforts. Results showed that regional park districts connect people with nature and with others across neighborhoods, communities, and regions. These unique places require partnership and programming to link citizens, formalize commitments to diversity, and provide opportunities to develop social relationships. The second study used rhetorical discourse analysis to examine narratives associated with forest-based settings. Research about place meanings in outdoor settings often focuses on the positive attachments individuals have with places, but the role of rhetorical discourse in constructing meanings about place and self is often overlooked. This study examined the modes of argumentation used by narrators to organize stories, and analyzed narrators' explicit and implicit claims and rhetorical styles in shaping place meanings. The findings reveal that place meanings intersect across personal, social and cultural contexts, with rhetoric associated with place ownership, unusual events, and memory as key elements of place meanings. The third paper is a case study of Burke, Vermont, examining how interviewees use imaginaries to think about communities and to reinforce meanings about place and people. This study explored how community leaders, permanent residents, and second homeowners discursively (and differentially) imagined Burke and explained its changes over time. Results show that the three groups of interviewees approached the topic in quite different ways. Community leaders discussed imaginaries within discourses of growth, local residents discussed imaginaries within discourses of history, and second homeowners discussed imaginaries within discourses of utopia. This research expands traditional approaches to understanding rural community change effects, and considers the role and functions of imaginaries in addressing social change and community planning processes in transitioning communities. These studies are relevant to environmental professionals and community planners by showing that planning and management of place is not only about organizing physical spaces--but rather about the careful attention given to understanding people, their relationships, and their ideas about place. These studies also inform theory about the social construction of place meanings associated with parks, communities and places generally.
Edited by leading authorities, this key reference reflects the multidisciplinary nature of its subject. It is an essential resource for teaching, an invaluable companion to independent study, and a solid starting point for wider subject exploration.
As a product of the Progressive Reform movement of the early 20th century, the Forest Service was created to be a scientific, well-organized, ethical and efficient new form of government. In over a century of service, the agency retains many proud traits and traditions along such lines, but it has been noted as being technocratic and overly rigid in its emphasis on the biophysical sciences, analysis and administrative procedures, and lacking agility in the socio-political aspects of natural resource management. While the agency has endeavored to better integrate the social sciences and improve its policies toward meaningful public involvement, issues have become more complex, nuanced, and conflicting. When compounded with a number of legal, administrative, budgetary and organizational encumbrances, the agency has tremendous difficulty maneuvering in today0́9s vexing operating environment. Standardized procedures and traditional public involvement methods are proving inadequate for dealing with these complex and 0́−wicked0́+ problems. Recreation management is an area of increasing complexity and the one we explore in this paper. The Forest Service has national goals for sustainable recreation management, but at the field level, where budgetary and workforce resources are often inadequate, the agency tends to fall back to a 0́−default approach0́+: the repeated situation where managers allow or even encourage recreation use to occur in an area, but at some point the use and impacts become unacceptable, so managers then attempt to restrict use in the affected area. This pattern has unintended consequences and can worsen conditions in the broader sense, making sustainability goals difficult, if not impossible, to achieve. In restricting use in high-use areas, managers may actually displace users, and their impacts, to other lesser-used areas. Ironically, the incremental impacts of new visitors to low-use areas tend to be substantial, whereas in areas where high-use is already established, visitors may not be as sensitive to existing impacts as managers tend to be, and the impacts of increasing visitation are negligible. Displacing use, on the other hand, creates new impacts and issues in new places, over and over again, exacerbating ecological and social problems over the broader landscape. This paper explores Forest Service history and culture, changes in recreation management, the persistent 0́−default approach0́+, and the promising policy shift toward sustainability and greater collaboration with stakeholders and communities. The paper suggests that sustainable recreation management will be difficult to achieve, however, given particular cultural attitudes, and the issues and encumbrances that beset the agency. The encumbrances include legal and administrative morass, inadequate budgets, and outmoded management actions, furthering the default approach, and moving the agency away from its sustainability goals, not toward them. Drawing on examples in travel planning from the Dixie National Forest, the paper concludes that additional change in agency culture is needed, requiring development and transfer of a new tacit knowledge, through a professional recreation community of practice, with an emphasis on collaborative processes and authentic public participation.
This textbook provides comprehensive coverage of the development, regulation and management of outdoor recreation in America. The authors consider the challenges for outdoor recreation in the 21st century, such as its role within education, resources, planning and the environment.
Themes include : Crossing conceptual, cultural and political boundaries -- ideas of community, place and landscape ; working in new temporal and spatial scales ; resource management and environmental justice ; bioregional, deep ecological and ecofeminist perspectives on natural resources ; cultural definitions of resources, co-management between state, provincial, federal/national governments and aboriginal/native peoples [First Nations] ; involvement of ethnic and racial minorities in policy making ; fisheries, parks, protected areas, in transboundary areas ; public-private sector collaboration, etc.
It is now widely recognized that recreation is as important as work. This revealing book analyzes leisure and outdoor recreation in terms of both their management and their wider importance to society. Specifically, it: clarifies the link between leisure, recreation, tourism and resource management reviews contemporary outdoor recreation management and concepts critically examines approaches to outdoor recreation planning and management in diverse recreational settings considers the future of outdoor recreation and the potential influences of economic, social, political and technological developments. Wide-ranging and topical, it considers such issues as motivation and choice, provision for people with special needs, the impact of outdoor recreation on the environment, and outdoor recreation in both urban and rural contexts. This comprehensively revised second edition has many sections rewritten and expanded to reflect contemporary development in leisure and outdoor recreation management in countries such as Australia, Canada, the UK, the US and New Zealand. With an extensive bibliography of more than 500 references and including further reading sections and review questions, it is an essential student purchase and one of the most comprehensive and international accounts of outdoor recreation management available.
From the president and CEO of the Appalachian Mountain Club comes an astounding comprehensive plan to save our planet, make the outdoors the epicenter of our communities, and commit to an active outdoor lifestyle. In The Outdoor Citizen, John Judge coins the term “Outdoor Citizen” as he delivers an urgent call to action and a remarkably persuasive argument for why we must all become citizens of the natural world, reconnecting with life's most essential foundation, nature, and defending it, embracing it, and advocating for it. Judge, an international leader in conservation stewardship, covers such topics as how to turn our cities into Outdoor Cities, with a wide range of green spaces, outdoor recreation activities, eco-friendly transportation, and sustainable food sources; how to globally transition to green energy sources; what environmental policies must be implemented and how to enact them; and how to fund a sustainable economy. At a time when we are facing an unprecedented climate crisis, the continued use of carbon emissions will lead to devastating, irreversible effects on the earth. This unique and riveting volume, brimming with expert advice and case studies, is unparalleled—a game-changer for saving our planet and an entry point into a world of healthier and happier people.