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In the years between Confederation and the Depression nearly 500,000 Maritimers left their homes to work in the United States or other parts of Canada. Why they left and how their departure affected the region's economy have long been debated but, until now, a major component of that exodus has been largely ignored. In Obligation and Opportunity Betsy Beattie addresses this oversight, examining the lives of the tens of thousands of single Maritime women who left to work in Boston between 1870 and 1930. Carefully crafted from oral interviews, diaries, letters, written recollections, census data, and other historical sources, Obligation and Opportunity opens a window into the world of the women who moved from the Maritimes to New England for work. Urged to stay through tales of danger and woe in the newspapers, they still left by the thousands, and in numbers larger than those for men. Beattie examines the rural families they left, the urban environment they entered in Boston, and the different occupations they filled. She sheds new light on the response of rural families to economic change and the effects of gender on choices for young women. She demonstrates that first-generation emigrants, who left out of a need to find work and send money back home, eased the way for second-generation emigrants, who left to seek opportunities in the big city. Obligation and Opportunity offers new insights not only for everyone interested in the history of the Maritimes and Boston but also for scholars and others interested in family history, women's studies, labour history, and migration studies.
Carefully crafted from oral interviews, diaries, letters, written recollections, census data, and other historical sources, Obligation and Opportunity opens a window into the world of the women who moved from the Maritimes to New England for work. Urged to stay through tales of danger and woe in the newspapers, they still left by the thousands, and in numbers larger than those for men. Beattie examines the rural families they left, the urban environment they entered in Boston, and the different occupations they filled. She sheds new light on the response of rural families to economic change and the effects of gender on choices for young women. She demonstrates that first-generation emigrants, who left out of a need to find work and send money back home, eased the way for second-generation emigrants, who left to seek opportunities in the big city. Obligation and Opportunity offers new insights not only for everyone interested in the history of the Maritimes and Boston but also for scholars and others interested in family history, women's studies, labour history, and migration studies.
Opportunities and Obligations: New Perspectives on Global and U.S. Trade Policy, is an extraordinary collection of essays by leading trade officials, academic experts, and major stakeholders. The essays are divided into three topics: The global trading system and its future direction The range of views presented provides diverse perspectives on the future direction of the trading system, the challenges of the Doha Round, the aspirations of developing countries within the system, the future direction of rules, rights and obligations, the challenges faced by countries trying to join the WTO. Perspectives on the direction of US trade policy Leaders from the past Administration, both sides of the aisle in the U.S. House of Representatives, labor, business, a leading NGO as well as leading journalists and writers offer views about where U.S. trade policy should go to secure America’s economic future. The global food crisis and how the trading system can help be part of the solution The run up of food prices internationally in 2007-08 and the efforts by many countries to restrict exports in the name of providing for citizens at home created some severe challenges for the global institutions and raised, within trade circles, the question of how trade could make a contribution to the alleviation of hunger and not exacerbate the problems of hunger. Papers in part three of the book look at the issue from the perspective of the WTO, the European Commission, and the United Nation’s World Food Program.
In the process of resolving disputes, it is not uncommon for parties to justify actions otherwise in breach of their obligations by invoking the need to protect some aspect of the elusive concept of public order. Until this thoroughly researched book, the criteria and factors against which international dispute bodies assess such claims have remained unclear. Now, by providing an in-depth comparative analysis of relevant jurisprudence under four distinct international dispute resolution systems – trade, investment, human rights and international commercial arbitration – the author of this invaluable book identifies common core benchmarks for the application of the public order exception. To achieve the broadest possible scope for her analysis, the author examines the public order exception’s function, role and application within the following international dispute resolution systems: relevant World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements as enforced by the organization’s Dispute Settlement Body and Appellate Body; international investment agreements as enforced by competent Arbitral Tribunals and Annulment Committees under the International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes; provisions under the Inter-American Convention of Human Rights and the European Convention of Human Rights as enforced by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights, respectively; and the New York Convention as enforced by national tribunals across the world. Controversies, tensions and pitfalls inherent in invoking the public order exception are elucidated, along with clear guidelines on how arguments may be crafted in order to enhance prospects of success. Throughout, tables and graphs systematize key aspects of the relevant jurisprudence under each of the dispute resolution systems analysed. As an immediate practical resource for lawyers on any side of a dispute who wish to invoke or strengthen a public order exception claim, the book’s systematic analysis will be welcomed by lawyers active in WTO disputes, international investment arbitration, human rights law or enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. Academics and policymakers will find a signal contribution to the ongoing debate on the existence, legal basis, content and functions of the transnational public order.